The Journal of Religion and Society dives deep into the fascinating intersection of faith and community. It's a platform where scholars, researchers, and anyone with a curious mind can explore the multifaceted ways religion shapes and is shaped by social structures, cultural norms, and historical currents.
An Analytical Study of the Spiritual and Faith-Based Importance of Durood Sharif
Durood Sharif is the highly virtuous act of sending blessing and peace upon the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that offers significant spiritual rewards to the reciter. The Almighty Allah Himself confers blessing upon the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and so followed by angles as well. Durood Sharif is an act of powerful worship that Almighty Allah has conveyed in response is the key to forgive the sins, blesses the believer closer to Allah and obtains Allah’s mercy. Key word; highly virtuous, blessings, significant spiritual rewards, almighty, powerful, worship, conveyed, response, Believer, Mercy.
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A Comparative Analysis of Evolution and Developemnt of Financing Models in Public Sector Health System
This study presents a brief overview of evolution and development of health financing models being followed across the world. Since health expenditures constitute a significant part of the household and government budgets, there have been several initiatives to provide health financing in optimum way. From pure tax funded models to contributory health insurance system, there have been several experiments across different regions to provide necessary finance for the health sector. This study comparatively studied the health financing models developed across Asia, Africa and Latin America with a view to identify financing source, coverage for patients, managing agencies etc. Along with this, the Pakistan specific health insurance model, the Sehat Card scheme is also discussed to examine its financing structure and identify comparative financing options by benchmarking worth other global health financing schemes.
Generation Z and Islamic teachings an analytical study of intellectual and moral development in the contemporary Era
Generation Z, commonly defined as individuals born between 1997 and 2012, represents the first fully digital-native generation whose intellectual outlook and social behavior are significantly shaped by rapid technological advancement and digital media. While this environment provides unprecedented access to information and global connectivity, it also exposes young people to serious intellectual and moral challenges such as identity crises, materialism, misinformation, and psychological stress. In Muslim societies like Pakistan, where a large portion of the population belongs to this generation, their intellectual direction and moral development are closely linked to the future of society and the preservation of Islamic identity. This study analytically examines the intellectual and moral formation of Generation Z in the light of Islamic teachings. It highlights the relevance of key Islamic educational principles reason (Aql), moral purification (Tazkiyah), ethical conduct (Adab), and wisdom (Hikmah) as foundations for addressing contemporary challenges faced by youth. The study concludes that by integrating Islamic ethical values with modern educational approaches and digital engagement, it is possible to nurture a generation that is intellectually aware, morally responsible, and spiritually balanced in the contemporary era. Keywords: Generation Z, Islamic Teachings, Moral Development, Intellectual Development, Digital Culture, Tazkiyah, Islamic Ethics, Youth in Islam.
The Mutual Relationship Between Custom (Urf) and Shari‘ah: A Research Review in the Light of Islamic Jurisprudence
This paper looks at the reciprocal association among custom (ʿUrf) and Sharīʿah with respect to Islamic jurisprudence. In Islamic jurisprudence, ʿUrf is known as the generally accepted practices and tradition that are dominant in a society whereas Sharīah means the divine law which was given to the prophet Muhammad ﷺ by way of the Qurayas and the Sunni of the prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The paper has brought out the significance of custom as a secondary principle, which Islamic jurists have always appreciated in interpreting and applying Islamic law. Introducing social practices into the reasoning of law, jurists made sure that the Islamic law was adaptable and effective to the evolving situations still being able to keep the main principles of its application. The study examines the linguistic and juristic meaning of ʿUrf and explains its difference with other similar terms like habit (ʿĀdah). It addresses as well the major tenets of Sharīah, its origins, and maxims of law that govern the Islamic jurisprudence. They particularly focus on the status of ʿUrf in the four major Sunni schools of law- Ḥanafī, Mālikı, Shiafi, and Ḥanbalili- and how each of the schools integrates customary practices in the law decisions. The paper also classifies various kind of custom, such as general and specific custom, verbal and practical custom and valid (sa ḥih) and invalid (fasid) customs. The article also determines the circumstances in which custom may be regarded as a legally binding authority, where it should not be in conflict with the direct texts of both the Quran and Sunnah, it should be practiced generally and it should be present when the legal transaction occurred. In addition, the study examines how custom was applied in real life situations in trade, financial transactions, marriage and family issues. In conclusion the paper comes to the conclusion that although custom plays an important role in supporting the implementation of the Islamic law in various societies; it is still subject to Sharíʿah. In a case of tension between the customary and Godly law, Sharīʿah prevails. Such a balancing relationship guarantees the flexibility and sincerity of the Islamic jurisprudence when it relates to the modern issues of the society. Keywords: Custom (ʿUrf), Sharīʿah, Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh), Legal Maxims, Islamic Legal Theory, Customary Law, Social Practices, Islamic Law, Fiqh Schools, Contemporary Islamic Issues.
Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Policy in the Post-9/11 Regional Security Environment: An Analysis
The terrorism attacks of the September 11 attacks drastically transformed the global security situation and made Pakistan re-strategize its foreign and security policies. Confronted by good diplomatic and strategic compulsion by the United States, Pakistan entered the Global War on Terror with the United States as a frontline partner; a significant change in Pakistani policy in Afghanistan. The Pervez Musharraf administration launched a large-scale counterterrorism program that would counter the terrorist organizations through destruction of militant groups, religious schools, and limiting extremist groups operating in the nation. Pakistan played a role in logistical, military and intelligence support to coalition forces and, in large scale security operations against the local and transnational militant groups. Some of the key al-Qaeda members were also arrested due to collaborative intelligence operations, and this shows that Pakistan was fully operational in counterterror. Simultaneously, reforms in policies were served to control madrassas and integrate them into the national education system to curb the ideological radicalization. Nevertheless, the militant groups restructured and changed their approach and began to attack Pakistani state and society more than ever. Thus, Pakistan had to contend with a complicated domestic security issue as it tried to act on the international and political pressures within the country. This paper examines counterterrorism policies being pursued by Pakistan within the context of the post 9/11 regional security environment and the implications of these policies on domestic stability, regional security processes as well as the overall war on terrorism. Keywords: Pakistan; Counterterrorism Policy; Post-9/11 Security Environment; Militancy and Extremism; Global War on Terror; Madrassa Reforms; Regional Security Dynamics.
Moderated Analysis of Supportive Environment, Sports Performance Anxiety, and Resilience: The Role of Intrinsic Motivation
The psychological environment in sports plays a vital role in shaping athletes’ emotional and performance outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between supportive environment, sports performance anxiety, and resilience among athletes, with intrinsic motivation acting as a moderating variable. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was used. Data were collected from 200 university-level athletes using standardized questionnaires measuring perceived supportive environment, sports performance anxiety, resilience, and intrinsic motivation. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and moderated regression analysis using PROCESS Model 1. Results revealed that supportive environments significantly reduced performance anxiety and increased resilience. Intrinsic motivation significantly moderated the relationship between supportive environment and resilience, strengthening the positive impact of supportive environments on resilience. The findings highlight the importance of motivational climates and internal motivation in enhancing psychological stability and performance among athletes. Keywords: supportive environment, performance anxiety, resilience, intrinsic motivation, sports psychology
Dr. Mehwish Manzoor (Corresponding Author)
Community Policing Versus Human Rights, Law and Order and Public Safety in Tehsil Charsadda: A Critical Assessment
Community policing is an innovative concept in Pakistan. However, it has its roots in British colonial period. The changing dynamics of society, patterns of crimes, disputes and their solutions have forced the policy makers and law enforcing agencies to introduce reforms in the exiting policing system so as to dispense justice, to protect basic rights and to restore law and order in the society. This paper is consisted of three parts. Part-I deals with Introduction, literature review and methodology. Part-II deals with brief evolution of police reforms in Pakistan. Part-III deals with the challenges, recommendations and conclusion. Keywords: Community policing, human rights, Dispute Resolution Council, Charsadda
Dr. Amir Ullah Khan (Correspondence Author)
The Applications of the Principles of Ḥadīth and the Criticism of Sīrah Narrations
Across different periods, Sīrah writing has appeared in various styles and methodologies: traditional, historical, literary, and Ḥadīth-oriented. However, from the latter part of the twentieth century, a distinct trend of Ḥadīth-oriented Sīrah writing emerged. This trend emphasizes that every report related to the Prophet’s Sīrah ﷺ should be subjected to the same principles that the Muḥaddithūn established for the authentication of Ḥadīth Nabawī ﷺ. As a result, Sīrah studies shifted toward a new critical research methodology, with the primary objective of compiling a “Ṣaḥīḥ Sīrah of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.” During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the academic world increasingly recognized that a foundational religious discipline such as the Sīrah of the Prophet ﷺ cannot be constructed upon ḍaʿīf Riwāyāt or unreliable historical statements. In the early period, when the events of Sīrah and Maghāzī were being compiled, the historical narrative approach predominated. Muʾarrikhūn documented the life events of the Prophet ﷺ, yet they generally lacked the rigorous methodology of Naqd al-Riwāyāt that later became the hallmark of Ḥadīth scholarship. In contrast, the Muḥaddithūn examined the events of the Sīrah in light of the principles of Isnād, Rijāl, Ittiṣāl al-Sanad, and ʿAdālah. Renowned Ḥadīth scholars such as Imām al-Bukhārī, Muslim, al-Nasāʾī, and al-Bayhaqī included dedicated chapters titled Kitāb al-Maghāzī in their compilations, presenting Sīrah-related reports with full Asānīd. In this way, Sīrah writing evolved into a well-protected scholarly discipline, emerging from the integration of both Riwayah and Dirāyah. Keywords: Ḥadīth-oriented, Sīrah writing, Naqd al-Riwāyāt, Muḥaddithūn
Peace Begins with Knowledge: The Transformative Power of Education in Conflict-Affected Societies
The present study undertakes a critical examination pertaining to the transformative potential of education as a tool for peacebuilding in conflict-affected societies. The primary focus of the attention is on the capacity of educational systems to foster social cohesion, reconciliation, and sustainable peace. The study in the context challenges the narrow conceptualization of education as mere skills transmission. It has moreover attempted to address a central paradox observed in contemporary discourse. This paradox relates to the coexistence of education's recognized potential for peacebuilding and its persistent underfunding and marginalization in humanitarian responses. The study in the context undertakes a systematic assessment of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. The analysis therefore is grounded in foundational peace theory and contemporary research. The synthesized framework helps locate education's dual capacity. It can either reinforce existing inequalities or serve as a catalyst for social transformation. The study finding reveals significant empirical evidence supporting education's peacebuilding role. Research indicates that raising primary education enrollment alone could reduce the risk of conflict by nearly seventy-five per cent. Furthermore, peace education programs demonstrate measurable impacts. Seventy-eight per cent of participants report improved conflict resolution skills and eighty-one per cent report positive behavioral changes. However, the analysis also notes persistent challenges. These include underfunding resource constraints and the need for context sensitive approaches. Therefore, the article proposes a strategic framework for integrating peacebuilding into educational systems. This framework emphasizes community led approaches trauma informed pedagogy and the meaningful participation of young people as active peacebuilders. Ultimately education must be recognized as a fundamental investment in peace not merely a humanitarian afterthought. Keywords: Peace Education Peacebuilding Social Cohesion Conflict Transformation Education in Emergencies Positive Peace Restorative Practices
Comparative Analysis of the Methodologies of the Four Imams in Proving the Punishment of the Grave
The paper is a comparative analysis of the evidences theories utilized by the four major Sunni schools of jurisprudence (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi 5) to derive the doctrine of the punishment of the grave (adh2b al-qabr). The paper will start by looking at the concept linguistically and terminologically, its position in Islamic creed, and how it is relevant in the modern world where skepticism and materialistic forces are on the rise. It subsequently examines Quranic evidence, with respect to both corresponding verses (e.g., Ghafir 40:46, al-Tubar 52:47) and interpretative arguments that were developed by classical exegetes like Ibn Kathir, al-Tabar and al-Qurubi. This is followed by discussion of Prophetic traditions where Ṣaḥih al-Bukhari and Sahedih Muslim are discussed as the collection and compilation of authentic reports with the distinction between mutawatir ma?naw and ahad reports and the grading of the traditions given by the eminent hadith scholars. Further passages examine the methodology of each madhhab. The Hanafi school values the obvious textual meanings and restrict the use of 2nd-generation reports in creed. Malik school assumes the practice of the people of Madina (amal ahl al-Madina) above isolated reports in case of conflict. The Shafiite school places stress on the position of the Sunnah (and āhada reports) and the logical usage of uSupul al-fiqh. The Hanbali school places a great emphasis on the literal interpretation of the texts and on the high level of evidentiary power of the practices and statements of the Companions. Convergences are related to the acceptance of Quran and Sunnah as primary sources and consensus of ummah as ultimate evidence and divergences are related to the hermeneutical priorities, geographical conditions and approach to analogy and single reports. It was found that punishment in the grave has an impassive consensus among the four schools, both through transmitted and rational arguments, and is an essential eschatological doctrine that promotes taqwia, moral reformation, and hereafter preparation in support of taqwia. In the age of rationalist scepticism and secular thought, a fresh appeal to classical arguments, supported by easy accessibility, can help overcome the doubts and support religion among the younger generation. Keywords: ‘Adhāb al-qabr, punishment of the grave, four Sunni schools, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, Hanbali, methodology of deduction, uṣūl al-fiqh, mutawātir ma‘nawī, āḥād reports, consensus of the ummah, eschatology, Islamic creed, Barzakh, Prophetic traditions, Qur’anic evidence, contemporary challenges, taqwā, moral reform.
An Analytical Study of the Socio-Cultural Impact of Atheism in Pakistan
This article examines the impact of atheism (Ilhād) on Pakistani society, focusing on its intellectual, social, moral, and psychological dimensions. In a country where religion has historically shaped collective identity, social norms, and ethical values, the emergence and spread of atheistic thought present significant challenges. The study analyzes the factors contributing to the rise of atheistic tendencies, including globalization, digital media influence, secular education trends, and socio-economic frustrations. It argues that the weakening of religious commitment affects family structures, moral responsibility, and social cohesionThe research further explores how atheistic narratives influence youth perceptions regarding faith, purpose, and morality, often leading to identity conflicts and value relativism. By examining contemporary social patterns, the article highlights correlations between declining spiritual engagement and increasing moral ambiguity, social fragmentation, and cultural disorientation.From an Islamic perspective, the study underscores the role of faith, accountability, and moral discipline in maintaining societal balance. It concludes that constructive dialogue, intellectual engagement, educational reform, and strengthening religious literacy are essential to address the growing influence of atheism. The article provides insights for scholars, educators, and policymakers seeking to understand and respond to this evolving ideological trend within Pakistani society. This study analyzes the factors that contribute to the rise of atheistic tendencies, including global trends (globalization), the influence of digital media, secular educational trends, and socio-economic frustrations. The paper emphasizes that a decline in religious commitment negatively affects family structure, moral responsibility, and social cohesion. Keyword: Atheism، Pakistani Society، Socio-Cultural Impact، Religious Identity، Intellectual Trends
Impacts of the Distance Education System on Educational Institution
The distance education system has emerged as a significant and flexible educational model in modern academic institutions. This study aims to examine the educational, social, economic, and instructional impacts of distance learning on educational institutions. The findings indicate that distance education has expanded access to learning by reducing geographical, financial, and social barriers, particularly benefiting learners who are unable to participate in traditional face-to-face education due to personal or professional constraints.Furthermore, the distance education system has introduced innovation in teaching methodologies through the use of digital technologies, online learning platforms, and self-directed learning approaches, thereby enhancing learner autonomy and lifelong learning skills. However, the study also identifies several challenges associated with distance education, including limited teacher-student interaction, difficulties in practical and skill-based learning, and unequal access to technological resources.The research concludes that when supported by a well-designed curriculum, effective instructional strategies, trained faculty, and adequate technological infrastructure, distance education can significantly contribute to educational quality, inclusivity, and institutional development. Therefore, distance learning should be considered a sustainable and complementary component of contemporary educational systems rather than a temporary alternative. The distance education system has introduced innovation in teaching methodologies, where digital technology, online platforms, and opportunities for self-directed learning have enhanced students’ academic autonomy. However, certain drawbacks of this system have also emerged, including the lack of direct interaction between teachers and students, challenges in practical training, and unequal access to technological resources. Keyword: Distance Education, Educational Institutions, Online Learning, Teaching Strategies, Digital Technology, Educational Accessibility
The Bhutto Dynasty and the Pakistan People's Party: Populism, Power, and Tragedy
This article examines the Bhutto dynasty and the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) as a central paradox in Pakistani politics, tracing their evolution from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's 1967 founding of the party amid anti-establishment populism to its contemporary role under Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. It analyzes how the PPP's left-leaning ideology, encapsulated in "Roti, Kapra, Makaan," mobilized masses against elite and military dominance, delivering landmark achievements like the 1973 Constitution and women's rights advancements under Benazir Bhutto, while grappling with authoritarian drifts, corruption allegations, dynastic succession, and recurrent tragedies including executions, assassinations, and coups that have shaped Pakistan's turbulent democratic trajectory. The study highlights the party's shift from revolutionary populism to pragmatic coalition politics, regional entrenchment in Sindh, and efforts at revival amid military influence and declining national appeal. Ultimately, it argues that the Bhutto-PPP saga embodies both inspiration for progressive resistance and a cautionary tale of how charismatic mobilization, intertwined with familial control and praetorian structures, impedes consolidated democracy, underscoring the need for institutionalized parties beyond dynastic legacies to foster sustainable civilian rule and social equity in Pakistan. Keywords: Bhutto Dynasty, Pakistan People's Party, Political Populism, Dynastic Politics, Civil-Military Relations, Democratic Tragedy
Green Marketing and Green Brand Equity: Moderating Role of Religion
This study examines the impact of green marketing mix constructs, i.e., green product, green price, green place, green promotion physical evidence, and social media directly on green brand equity (GBE) and explores how these relationships are influenced under the moderating role of religiosity in the Pakistani context. The study is grounded in the Social Identity Theory (SIT techniques), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) paradigm and conceptualizes green marketing efforts as stimuli, GBE as organism and green purchase behavior as the response. Quantitative Design was used and survey data of 235 Pakistani consumers were collected using an online administered questionnaire taken from verified resources. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to study the hypotheses. This study revealed that green prices, physical evidence and green promotion help in the development of green brand equity, which in turn stimulates purchasers to buy green products while green product attributes, social media and green places did not have a direct effect. Also result showed green brand equity (GBE) is a strong predictor of GPB. The study also showed that religiosity has a selective moderating effect, enhancing the effect of some marketing signals, while having no effect on other marketing signals, thus supporting the view that religious values moderate the ways in which green marketing cues are processed and evaluated by consumers. Finally, the findings offer valuable insights for organizations doing business in religiously sensitive emerging markets by stressing the importance of transparent pricing, believable promotions, and verifiable certification and labeling to enhance green brand equity and support sustainable consumption. Keywords Green Marketing, Green Brand Equity, Religiosity, Green Product, Green Pricing, Green Promotion, Social Media
Diverse Paths to Phd: Widening Access for First-Generation Scholars
Doctoral education represents the pinnacle of academic training, yet access remains profoundly unequal. First-generation scholars those whose parents lack university degrees face systemic barriers that perpetuate elite reproduction in academia. This article examines the access, retention, and success pathways of first-generation PhD scholars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Drawing on mixed-methods data from six public universities, surveys of 412 PhD scholars, and 45 in-depth interviews, we identify three critical intervention points: application stage inequities, financial precarity, and social-cultural isolation. Our findings reveal that first-generation PhD scholars in KPK constitute only 23% of doctoral enrollment despite representing 67% of the provincial population. We propose a validated framework for institutional transformation and present policy recommendations contextualized to Pakistan's higher education landscape. Keywords: First-generation scholars, doctoral education, access and equity, higher education policy, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Shariah-Compliant Financing for Higher Education: Assessing the Potential of Hybrid Sukuk in Public Universities of Pakistan
This study investigates the potential of hybrid Sukuk model particularly Musharakah and Ijarah as innovative, Shariah-compliant solution for addressing infrastructure financing gaps in public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Conventional funding channels, such as government grants and bank loans, have proven inadequate in meeting the growing infrastructural demands of higher education institutions. Against this backdrop, hybrid Sukuk present a viable alternative that combines financial innovation with ethical and religious legitimacy. The objectives of the study are twofold: first, to examine the prospects of hybrid Sukuk in bridging infrastructure funding gaps in public universities; and second, to analyze the challenges that hinder their adoption and implementation. To achieve these objectives, the study employs a qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews. Using purposive sampling, fifteen participants were selected, including Islamic banking experts, university professors specializing in Islamic finance, and administrators such as deputy auditors and assistant treasurers. These participants provided in-depth insights into the opportunities and risks of Sukuk adoption. Special attention was given to the hybrid Sukuk, reflecting its potential for financing projects like hostels, academic blocks, and research facilities. The findings reveal cautious receptiveness among universities, with recognition of Sukuk’s Shariah compliance and community legitimacy. However, challenges include limited institutional expertise, weak legal frameworks, misconceptions regarding Islamic finance practices, and concerns over repayment obligations. Government support, credible Shariah governance, pilot projects, and stakeholder training emerge as critical enablers of successful implementation. The study concludes that while challenges remain significant, hybrid Sukuk models represent a transformative opportunity for universities to diversify their funding sources. If supported by regulatory frameworks, institutional capacity-building, and community engagement, Sukuk financing can strengthen the financial sustainability of public universities while promoting ethical and socially responsible development. Keywords: Sukuk, Hybrid Sukuk, Musharakah, Ijarah, Public sector universities, KP, Islamic Banks
The study centers on Christianity as a tool of imperial expansion within the Spanish, Portuguese, French, and British empires, showing how colonizers positioned their religion as divinely sanctioned and culturally superior. By highlighting Christopher Columbus’s apocalyptic worldview and the missionary strategies that followed, the abstract demonstrates how colonizers framed conquest as a sacred obligation, thereby legitimizing domination over “others” defined by different belief systems. In this framework, religion was not merely a spiritual concern but a foundational element of imperial ideology, shaping political authority, legal systems, and social hierarchies in newly conquered territories. By comparing native belief systems ranging from animism and ancestor veneration to complex cosmologies and organized priesthoods with the mechanisms of forced conversion, religious destruction, educational reform, and missionary governance, the research demonstrates how Christianity functioned simultaneously as a justification for conquest and as an instrument for restructuring colonized societies. Mission institutions became central sites for redefining cultural norms, moral values, and communal identities according to European Christian standards. The findings show that while Christianization significantly altered global religious landscapes, indigenous communities responded through resistance, adaptation, and syncretism, reshaping imposed doctrines within their own cultural frameworks. These processes produced new hybrid religious identities that reflect both colonial influence and indigenous continuity, illustrating how the encounter between colonizers and “others” transformed religious life on a global scale and left enduring legacies in the modern world. Keywords: Christianization, Colonization, Indigenous Religions, Missionary Expansion, Spanish Empire, Portuguese Empire, French Empire and British Empire.
The Impact of Teachers’ Classroom Management Skills on Self-Efficacy of Students
The importance of effective classroom management skills in promoting positive student outcomes is highly established but little is known on the way it affects the psychological beliefs of students especially self-efficacy as it is not well explored in the Pakistani educational setting. The research problem was use of classroom management practices by teachers in self-efficacy of learners in the District of D.I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in the public secondary schools. Three purposes guided the study, namely, to investigate the levels of classroom management of the teachers and the self-efficacy of the students, to establish the connection between the two variables, and to find out how the classroom management affects the self-efficacy of the students. Quantitative research approach was used and it was descriptive. The sample size was 80 male heads of the public secondary schools in District D.I. Khan and the entire population was used as the sample according to the defining sampling criteria set out by LR Gay (2003). Data were gathered on the basis of a structured questionnaire including 5-point Likert scale and processed with the help of descriptive statistics (mean, Standard deviation), Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, and Linear Regression Analysis with the help of SPSS software. The results have shown that classroom management (M = 3.08, SD = 1.31) by teachers and self-efficacy (M = 3.25, SD = 1.28) by students were rated as moderately positive, and a significant portion of the respondents had the undecided opinions. The null hypothesis was rejected because the correlation between classroom management and self-efficacy (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) was found to be significant and positive. Moreover, the regression analysis showed that classroom management was very important in predicting self-efficacy among students, who attributed 20.3% of the variance (R 2 = .203) to classroom management. The researchers conclude that positive classroom management is correlated and significantly predictive of increased student self-efficacy. It is suggested that teacher professional development initiatives in the area should focus more on evidence-based strategies of classroom management and that research should be conducted in the future to examine other variables that lead to student self-efficacy. Keywords: Classroom Management, Self-Efficacy, Secondary School Heads, Quantitative Research, D.I. Khan, Pakistan https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18651644
A Comparative Analysis of Teachers’ and Students’ Perceptions of Science Teaching Strategies in Private Secondary Schools
This study compares how teachers and students in private secondary schools perceive science teaching methods, taking into account the gender of the teachers and the location of the school. A validated questionnaire covering four strategy domains individual differences, collaboration, teaching methodology, and thinking skills was used to gather data from 132 students and 35 science teachers using a quantitative, descriptive-comparative design. The results show persistent perceptual gaps, with teachers reporting greater use of strategies than students. The biggest differences were found in collaborative strategies, indicating low student participation in group-based learning. While student perceptions remained lower across genders, gender comparisons revealed slightly higher teacher self-perceptions among male educators. Persistent gaps were found in urban-rural analyses, which reflected contextual influences on instruction and learning. In order to match instructional goals with student experiences and improve engagement, critical thinking, and the general efficacy of science education in private secondary schools, the study emphasizes the necessity of professional development, reflective teaching techniques, and feedback mechanisms. Keywords: Collaborative Learning, Teaching Methodology, Thinking Skills, Critical Thinking, Inquiry-Based Learning, Active Learning, Student Engagement, Instructional Practices
Digital Leadership and Supply Chain Adaptability: Pathways to sustainable Supply Chain Performance
The study explores how digital leadership (DL) influences sustainable supply chain performance (SSCP) and supply chain adaptability (SCA) as a mediating construct. Based on a sample of 250 pharmaceutical distribution firms’ managers and executives of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The study uses the quantitative method of analyzing structural associations among the constructs with SmartPLS. The results show that DL has a significant impact on SSCP and SCA, and the latter has a positive influence on SSCP. Mediation analysis supports the fact that SCA is a partial mediating variable between the two variables, DL and SSCP, which implies that adaptability is a significant yet not the only mechanism by which digital leadership would produce favorable sustainability outcomes. The findings can be added to the expanding literature on the concept of digital leadership and sustainable supply chain performance as they show the dual significance of operational flexibility and leadership vision. In practice, the paper provides recommendations to managers who want to integrate sustainability into the supply chain management, highlight the importance of developing digital leadership skills, and utilize newer technologies, including cloud-based analytics, IoT, and blockchain. Hypothetically, the study contributes to the knowledge of digital leadership and adaptability from the perspective of sustainability and preconditions further studies that will involve contextual, longitudinal, and cross-sector comparisons. Keywords: Digital Leadership, Supply Chain Adaptability, Sustainable Supply Chain Performance, Pharmaceutical Distributions
Precarious Meritocracy: Contractual Status, Performance Anxiety, and the Paradox of Efficient Leadership in Public Schools
The systemic failure of the education process to improve student outcomes has been historically described as a result of patronage, seniority-driven promotions and the lack of professional responsibility in the recruitment of school head teachers (Valero et al., 2018). The Government of Sindh in turn responded by instituting a neoliberal reform based on the recruitment on merit provided by third party testing services namely Sukkur IBA University Testing Services (STS). Although these "IBA head teachers" have been able to perform miraculously to enhance the infrastructure of their schools, teacher punctuality as well as community participation, the achievements are inseparably connected with their precarious contractual position. This qualitative multiple case study of schools in District Khairpur argues, based upon the notion that its high performance is not a simple product of individual merit but is essentially constituted by its job insecurity, a phenomenon that is theorized here as the so-called precarious drive. The study examines the ways in which the state captures change capital through the performance anxiety of such leaders through the prism of performative governmentality and neoliberal subjectivity. Although Taluka Education officers (TEOs) are reported to be very satisfied with these visible improvements in schools, the lack of regularization in the head teachers leads them to deep feelings of stress in the future. This report finds that the existing reform model presents a performance-precarity paradox: the reform model effectively evades patronage in the short term, but it is an unsustainable and unethical model of incentives that swaps individual burnout with short-lived systemic temporary benefits. This paper provides analytical reflections on global education policy, outlining the harm of precarity as one of the principal instruments of governmental transformation. Keywords: Contractual Head Teachers, Performance-Precarity Paradox, Precarious Drive, Neoliberal Education Reform, Performative Governmentality, Neoliberal Subjectivity, New Public Management (NPM), Audit culture, Merit-based recruitment
An Analytical Study of the Exegetical Benefits Derived from the Sayings of Sufis in Tafsir Mazhari
The reflection of exegetical benefits derived from the sayings of Sufis in Tafsir Mazhari represents a distinctive aspect of Qazi Sanaullah’s interpretive methodology and style. Throughout his commentary, he frequently cites the statements and opinions of his spiritual mentor, the accomplished Shaykh Ya‘qub Karkhi, along with the views of eminent Sufi scholars. Qazi Sanaullah elucidated the spiritual and practical dimensions of Sufism in the light of the Qur’an and Hadith, presenting profound intellectual and experiential discussions on themes such as self-purification (tazkiyah al-nafs), divine love, and nearness to Allah.In Tafsir Mazhari, Qazi Sanaullah Panipati (رحمہ اللہ) systematically compiled the statements of the leading scholars (A’immah) in order to make the theoretical and practical dimensions of Sufism comprehensible to a wider audience. This effort presents a comprehensive and coherent portrayal of Sufism. The sayings of Sufi scholars, jurists, and spiritual authorities cited in Tafsir Mazhari serve as a rich source of intellectual and spiritual depth within the discourse of Sufism. These statements clarify the meanings of the Qur’an and Hadith and assist in understanding the practical principles of Sufism.By organizing and presenting these sayings in a structured manner, Qazi Sanaullah Panipati offered the teachings of Sufism within an integrated intellectual framework, providing guidance for the purification of the soul and the attainment of closeness to Allah. Below, I will present the statements of prominent Sufi authorities mentioned in Tafsir Mazhari, which have been cited as key sources in discussions related to Sufism. Keyword: Tafsir Mazhari, Sayings of the Sufis, Exegetical Literature, Sources of Sufism, Tafsir and Sufism, Qur’anic Exegesis and Sufism
Cybercrime Awareness, Legal Literacy and Reporting Behavior among Generation-Z in Pakistan: Gendered Patterns and Policy Implications
The rapid growth of digital technologies has exposed Generation-Z to increased risks of cybercrime, yet their awareness of legal protections and reporting mechanisms remains limited. This study examines knowledge of Pakistan’s cybercrime laws (Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016), reporting behavior and gendered differences in awareness and fear among 350 Generation-Z social media users aged 18–26 years. Findings reveal that only 29.1% of respondents were familiar with PECA 2016 and only 17.4% knew how to file a complaint with the FIA Cybercrime Wing. Female respondents reported higher fear of victimization compared to males, despite slightly higher legal awareness. Awareness of cybercrime laws negatively correlated with fear, indicating that legal knowledge serves as a protective factor. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted digital literacy programs, gender-sensitive awareness campaigns and simplified reporting mechanisms to safeguard Generation-Z in Pakistan. Keywords: Cybercrime awareness, Digital literacy, Generation-Z, Legal literacy, Pakistan, Reporting behavior https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18461299
The Significance of Emotional Intelligence in Student Success and Its Integration into Educational Curricula
This present academic paper aims to look into the vast role of emotional intelligence (EI) as a concept with relation to students’ achievement, as well as its application in the current schemes of learning. Based on the complex and composite nature of self- awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills, EI has come out as an influential predictor of student’s’ achievement, emotional, psychological and social growth. This review acknowledges the importance of emotional intelligence in influencing better learning atmosphere in classrooms as well as higher performance and efficient problem solving hence improving the education delivery to students. The inclusion of emotional intelligence into learning is particularly made easy by Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) programs where organizations such as the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) has developed frameworks for its effective practice. In addition, there are tests like the Emotional Intelligence Appraisal test and the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test that plays a big role in determining the EI of students and enable us to see where they stand and what they need to improve on. Nevertheless, this paper is timely in pointing out the criticism and challenges facing EI in Education such as impairment of the objectivity in assessment and training requirement for teachers and curriculum for all institutions. Ahead the concept of emotional intelligence in education gives a lot of potential for future research and practice. Firstly, further studies should focus on the standardization and confirmability of the available instruments for EI assessment. Subsequent research needs to focus on developing better and more refined instruments to assess emotional competencies of students to some extent. Second, high importance is attributed to the further assessment of the contribution of the education in EI to the students’ academic and life success. A type of research based on the investigation of student learning processes for many years can help to explain the positive impact of applying emotional intelligence to curricula. Thirdly, more ideas should be investigated on how to provide better training for teachers and how to determine what kind of curriculum modification is most suitable to infuse EI into education. Research studies could yield important gains in acquaintances with the requirements of teacher preparation and modification in their curricula to guarantee successful implementation. Finally, the use of technology for delivering the education and assessment of EI provides another potentially advantageous research direction for the future. Suppose, extending the application of digital platforms and artificial intelligence to the development of the emotional intelligence of students is considered. However, considering education as a field for the development and implementation of this concept, it is crucial to mention that the concept of emotional intelligence is still in development, and there are many opportunities for research, as well as rich possibilities to improve the effectiveness of learners’ increase and their well-being in the framework of the further advances in this field. Keywords: Role, Emotional Intelligence (EI), Students’ Achievement, Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, Motivation
Effects of Teachers' Use of Active Learning Techniques on Secondary School Students' Development of Lower Order and Higher Order Thinking
This study looked at how secondary school students' lower-order and higher-order thinking skills were affected by teachers' use of active learning techniques. 389 students from secondary public schools participated in a quantitative, cross-sectional survey. One-way ANOVA and post hoc comparisons were used to analyze the data, which were gathered using a structured questionnaire based on Bloom's taxonomy. The findings showed that while moderate and high implementation levels of active learning significantly improved students' higher-order thinking skills, there was no significant difference between these higher levels. In contrast, teachers' high-level implementation of active learning significantly improved students' lower-order thinking skills. These results demonstrate how teachers play a critical role in promoting cognitive development through intentional instructional design and active engagement techniques. The study offers implications for teacher preparation, curriculum design, and educational policy in secondary education, highlighting the significance of regularly incorporating active learning to support the progression from basic knowledge to complex reasoning. Keywords: Active learning, Lower-order thinking, Higher-order thinking, Secondary education
Analytical Study of Shariah Guidelines for Different Classes in the Light of the Quran and Sunnah
It is an analytical paper and a case study on Shariah rules about various classes of people in the perspective of Quran and sunna and how Islam is a holistic balanced system to regulate the life of individual and community. The necessity to refer to divine guidance towards different sectors of the society has become more pressing in a world where change has been a constant factor and where moral relativism and a decline in social institutions are the order of the day. The paper contends that Islamic doctrine is not limited to rituals and self-piety but being prolific to family life, social relationships, economic behavior, forms of Government and education and concerns the individual liability and right of various classes of the society. Based on the Quran and the original Sunnah as the main sources, the given research will analyze the Shariah prescriptions in regards to individuals, family, social and economic groups, rulers and state apparatus and the academic and educational community. In an effort to highlight this unity and practical applicability, the study assumes a qualitative and analytical approach, and considers the general principles that are agreed upon as opposed to juristic disputes. It goes to show that even though Islam appreciates the variance in roles, capacities, and social status, it equally maintains universal values of justice, responsibility, compassion and moral responsibility. The paper also discusses how Shariah principles strive to create a balance on rights and obligations, guard against exploitation and injustices and to ensure the social harmony. Through its response to the modern issues- economic inequality, family breakdown, abuse of power and degradation of ethics, the paper demonstrates that the Quran and Prophetic teachings are also topical and can offer long-term solutions to the existing problems. The results confirm that Islam presents a living and comprehensive system of orientation that is capable of adjusting to the evolving situations without undermining the fundamental moral and spiritual values. Finally, the article also finds that the submission of Shariah-based advice to the various social classes is the only way to reform morality, achieve social stability, and deliver justice within the Muslim societies. Keywords: Shariah Guidelines; Qur’an and Sunnah; Social Classes in Islam; Islamic Social Ethics; Rights and Responsibilities; Contemporary Challenges
Behavioral Characteristics of Low Self-Control among Generation-Z: A Qualitative Study
Low self-control has long been recognized as a central explanatory factor in criminological theories of deviant and criminal behavior. In contemporary societies, the emergence of Generation-Z as a digitally immersed and socially dynamic cohort raises new questions about how self-control operates in shaping youth behavior. This study explores the behavioral characteristics associated with low self-control among Generation-Z using qualitative in-depth interviews with young participants aged 16 to 25 years. Drawing on Self-Control Theory, Strain Theory and Social Learning Theory, the study identifies core behavioral patterns linked to low self-control, including impulsive decision-making, emotional dysregulation, preference for immediate gratification, weak moral restraint and heightened susceptibility to situational and peer influences. The findings reveal that low self-control manifests not only through overt deviant acts but also through everyday behavioral tendencies that increase vulnerability to criminal involvement. The study highlights the importance of early identification of self-control deficits and the need for psychologically informed prevention strategies tailored to the unique digital and social contexts of Generation-Z. Keywords: Low self-control, Generation-Z, impulsivity, behavioral characteristics, youth crime, qualitative study https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18418677
Deep-fake Exposure, Artificial Intelligence and Online Harassment among Generation-Z in Pakistan: A Quantitative Study of Awareness, Victimization and Psychological Impact
The rapid development of artificial intelligence has introduced new forms of digital manipulation, among which deep-fake technology represents one of the most serious emerging threats to online safety. Deep-fakes enable the creation of highly realistic but fabricated audio-visual content that can be misused for harassment, identity theft, blackmail and cybercrime. Generation-Z, as the most digitally active generation, is particularly vulnerable to such risks. This study examines the level of awareness, exposure and experiences of Generation-Z with deep-fake technology and its relationship with online harassment and psychological distress in Pakistan. Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 350 Generation-Z social media users aged 18 to 26 years. The study assessed participants’ awareness of deep-fake technology, frequency of exposure to manipulated media, experiences of online harassment, psychological impact and knowledge of cybercrime laws. Descriptive statistics and correlational analysis were used to explore patterns of victimization and vulnerability. Findings indicate that although most respondents had heard of deep-fake technology, only a minority possessed a clear understanding of how it operates or its legal implications. Exposure to deep-fake content was widespread across platforms such as TikTok, Instagram and YouTube and higher exposure was significantly associated with increased experiences of online harassment and psychological distress. Female respondents reported higher levels of fear and victimization compared to male respondents. Awareness of Pakistan’s cybercrime laws remained moderate to low, limiting effective reporting and legal recourse. The study highlights the urgent need for digital literacy programs, targeted awareness campaigns and updated legal frameworks to protect young users from the growing misuse of deep-fake technology. Strengthening education, law enforcement capacity and platform accountability is essential to safeguard Generation-Z in the evolving digital environment. Keywords: Deep-fakes, Online Harassment, Cybercrime, Generation-Z, Digital Literacy, Pakistan https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18418195
A Qualitative Investigation of the role of Religious Educational Institutes in promoting tolerance versus extremism in Faisalabad Pakistan
Religious educational institutes have crucial impact on the societal attitudes towards tolerance and extremism in Pakistan. This research paper includes the qualitative investigation of religious educational institutes` role in promoting tolerance versus extremism in Pakistani society, as madrassas are one of the most important parts of Pakistani education system. This study aims to investigate the role of religious educational institutes typically called madrassas in promoting tolerance in society or they are promoting extremism in society. For qualitative investigation in-depth interviews were conducted and the respondents were teachers of religious institutes. This study was conducted in Faisalabad and teachers from four madrassas were selected as population. Purposive sampling from non-probability sampling was used. The results show that religious educational institutes in Faisalabad tend to promote tolerance in society as they discourage extremism through their teachings and they promote the counter extremist ideologies in society. Keywords: Religious Education, Religious Extremism, Qualitative Study, Madrassas
The Relationship Between Reason ('Aql) and Revelation (Wahy) in the Quran: A Research Review in the Context of Modern Intellectual Challenges
This work describes an ultimate survey on the reciprocal connection between reason (aql) and revelation (wahy) in the perspective of the Quran which has a deep meaning within the context of the modern intellectual issues. The paper initially examines the linguistic and terminological meaning of the words reason and revelation, their usage in the Qur’an and their peculiar and complementary essence. It elucidates that the Quran invites reason to reason (taqqul), reason (tafakkur), and contemplate (tadabbur) placing the reason in a position of reason in the light of the signs of Allah and to know the revelation, though its power is limited in the issues of the unseen (ghayb), and revelation is the absolute authority in this matter. The classical Islamic thought, of theologians (mutakallimun), jurists (fuqah2), traditionists (muhaddith2), or the philosophical tradition, has expressed this relation in different ways, but all have concurred on the fact that revelation has sovereignty over reason and is its guide. The recent intellectual issues like Western rationalism, empiricism, the non-reality of metaphysics, secularism, and liberal understandings have cast far graver doubts on the authority, authenticity and sovereignty of revelation. The study dispels these objections based on the Quranic verses, rational arguments, and classical text and the study concludes that there is no actual opposition between reason and revelation; any apparent opposition is the weakness of human knowledge or a misunderstanding. The Quranic perspective is centered on putting reason under the service of revelation and to comprehend revelation under the guise of reason- a move that gives direction in the modern social, moral and academic problems. In the current era, this association gives morality to scientific inquiry, religion has been made active and given a harmonious structure through which intellectual education of the Muslim psyche has been trained. Going on the findings, it is suggested that the balanced relationship between reason and revelation be encouraged in curriculum and educational institutions, the media, and research institutions. The potential of the future of interdisciplinary research on this subject, especially in the areas of artificial intelligence, neuroscience, and digital ethics, is enormous. Keywords: Reason, Revelation, Qur’an, Modern Intellectual Challenges, Rational Engagement, Knowledge & Certainty, Secularism, Islamic Thought, Harmony, Intellectual Training https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18404748
The Qur’an and the Intellectual and Moral Development of Youth: In the Context of Contemporary Challenges
The modern generation is faced with heavy intellectual and moral issues, such as confusion of ideologies, moral decay, materialism, adverse effects of digital media, identity crisis and value confusion. In such a situation, intellectual and moral growth of the youth has become a key academic and social issue. This paper discusses the principles of intellectual and moral training on youth as described in the Quran and evaluates its usefulness and practicality in overcoming modern day challenges. The Quran shows human beings as being endowed to reason, moral responsibility and conscious choice but acknowledges the youth as the stage of decisional personality formation. Some of the main Quranic principles that are critically examined in this research include development of intellect and reflection, cleansing of self (tazkiyah), ethical principles, moderation, self responsibility, meaning of life and community accountability. Besides this, it provides a critical evaluation of contemporary intellectual problems, such as secularism, atheism, consumerism, moral relativism, and digital culture, to prove how these problems shape the beliefs, behavior, and moral perspective of the youth. This paper will follow the qualitative research approach, which relies on the interpretation of the verses of the Quran, ancient and modern exegeses, and other available contemporary academic literatures. The results show that the Quran offers a comprehensive, coherent and sustainable approach to the intellectual and moral growth of youth both in the individual character building as well as in the social change of the society. Moreover, the cultural interpretation of the Quranic system can provide the youth with intellectual comprehension, moral acumen, and high sense of societal duty which is critical towards the creation of a well-balanced, ethical and dignified society in the contemporary world. Keywords: Qur’anic Education, Youth Intellectual Development, Moral and Ethical تربیت, Contemporary Challenges, Digital Culture and Ethics, Islamic Moral Framework, Character Building in Islam
The Cognitive Impacts of Public Transport Dependency on Time Management Among Undergraduate Students in Lahore
The purpose of the research is to understand how commuting experiences contribute to mental exhaustion and disrupt students’ academic routines, while also exploring the relationship between public transport dependency, cognitive fatigue, and time management among undergraduates in Lahore. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed. The sample consisted of undergraduate students from public and private universities in Lahore who primarily relied on public transportation for commuting. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data was collected using a self-report questionnaire with Likert-scale items designed to measure transport dependency and commute characteristics. The study was guided by an integrated theoretical framework drawing upon stress–cognition models, Cognitive Load Theory, and self-regulation theory (Sweller et al., 2019; Vogel & Schwabe, 2019; Zimmerman, 2020). These frameworks propose that continuous exposure to environmental stressors and excessive cognitive demands leads to fatigue, reduced attentional control, and impaired self-regulatory capacities, including effective time management. Data were collected using a structured Google Form questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were used to analyze students’ responses. Cronbach’s alpha was computed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26). Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while correlational and regression analyses examined the predictive relationships among the study variables. Findings revealed that public transport dependency and adverse commute characteristics significantly contribute to cognitive fatigue, which in turn negatively affects cognitive functioning and time management. The study recommends that educational institutions acknowledge commuting-related cognitive strain by implementing flexible academic policies and procedures. Furthermore, improvements in public transport efficiency and student-centered urban planning are recommended to support students’ cognitive well-being and academic success. Keywords: Cognitive fatigue, public transport dependency, self-regulation, time management, undergraduate students https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18393952
Bano Qudsia's Female Characters through the Eyes of Male Characters
This study examines the presentation of male characters in the novels of Bano Qudsia from a feminine point of view. The central purpose is to know whether these characters depict patriarchal dominance or the traditional masculine hierarchy has been corrupted for unorthodox masculine despotism. For this purpose, in-depth textual analysis has been carried out to bring to light the behavior, dialogue, and interpersonal relationships of the characters for understanding gender power and differences. Analysis clearly clarifies the patriarchal presentation of the characters by Bano Qudsia. Male characters in Bano’s novels are independent, decision-makers, and controllers of the society that causes strengthening the patriarchal body of the society and the traditional gender roles of females are further cemented where feminine roles are only of secondary importance. Keywords: Dominance, independent society. Masculine hierarchy, unorthodox masculine,
Emotional Intelligence and Its Psychological Determinants: An Integrative Review
Emotional intelligence (EI) is a pivotal psychological construct linked to academic achievement, adaptive functioning, and psychosocial well-being. Despite extensive research on EI, limited attention has been devoted to a systematic examination of its underlying determinants within undergraduate populations in developing contexts. This article investigates the key psychological factors influencing emotional intelligence among undergraduate students enrolled in universities in Wah Cantt, Pakistan. Grounded in established frameworks of emotional, biological, and developmental psychology, the study examines biological and neurological predispositions, developmental influences including parenting styles and childhood experiences, the educational ecosystem, and socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, and socio-economic status. Derived from the theoretical foundation of a doctoral dissertation, the study adopts a descriptive and integrative analytical approach supported by relevant empirical literature. The findings underscore the multidimensional nature of emotional intelligence, demonstrating that EI emerges from the dynamic interaction between innate capacities and environmental conditions, with developmental and educational contexts exerting particularly strong influence during early adulthood. The study contributes to the psychological literature by offering a comprehensive synthesis of EI determinants and provides evidence-based insights for higher education institutions seeking to promote emotional competence and holistic student development. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Determinants, Developmental Factors, Educational Environment, Socio-Demographic Influences
Misuse of Divorce and Its Remedies in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah
Islam regards marriage as a sacred and enduring social contract intended to ensure family stability, emotional tranquility, and mutual compassion. Divorce, while legally permitted, is introduced in Islamic law only as a last resort when marital harmony becomes impossible to sustain. In contemporary society, however, the misuse and hasty application of divorce has emerged as a serious challenge to the Islamic family system. Such misuse not only causes profound psychological, social, and economic harm to women and children but also contributes to social instability and misrepresents Islamic teachings.This research article critically examines the concept of divorce, the various forms of its misuse, and the underlying causes and consequences in the light of the Qur’an and Sunnah. The study highlights that Islam discourages divorce when exercised without genuine necessity and emphasizes patience, reconciliation, and justice as foundational principles of marital life. Furthermore, the Qur’anic framework of arbitration (ḥakamayn), reconciliation, waiting periods (ʿiddah), and the Prophetic model of ethical conduct and forbearance are analyzed as effective preventive and corrective mechanisms. The article also reviews classical juristic opinions and contemporary scholarly discussions to propose practical reformative measures, including premarital counseling, family education, religious awareness, and legal and social reforms. The study concludes that adherence to the true spirit of Islamic teachings can significantly prevent the misuse of divorce and contribute to the preservation and strengthening of the Islamic family system. Keywords: Islam, Law , Family Stability, Divorce
Agriculture in the Islamic Economic System: Prophetic Guidance and Developmental Measures
This research article offers a rigorous and comprehensive examination of the significance, status, and multidimensional role of agriculture within the Islamic economic system. Drawing upon the Qur’an, the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), classical juristic sources, and the practical experiences of Islamic history, the study seeks to establish that agriculture in Islam is not merely a productive or economic activity. Rather, it constitutes a fundamental pillar of social justice, human sustenance, moral responsibility, and state self-sufficiency. The article further elucidates that, within Islamic thought, the interdependent relationship between land, water, and human labor transcends material considerations and embodies profound religious, ethical, and spiritual dimensions. The study demonstrates that Qur’anic references to land, sustenance, and agricultural production are embedded within a divinely ordained system, thereby directly linking human livelihood to divine providence. The Prophetic Sunnah provides robust practical endorsement of agricultural activity through emphases on tree plantation, the exceptional virtue of reviving barren land (ihyāʾ al-mawāt), the promise of ownership and reward, and the recognition of agricultural labor as an act of worship. These principles collectively form the conceptual foundation of Islamic agricultural thought. Furthermore, the article presents a critical and contextual analysis of the narration attributed to Abū Umāmah al-Bāhilī, which has sometimes been interpreted as disparaging agricultural engagement. It clarifies that this narration addresses a specific mindset in which excessive preoccupation with material pursuits leads to neglect of religious obligations, collective responsibilities, and jihad; agriculture itself, however, remains intrinsically virtuous and commendable. The article further underscores that the defining characteristic of the Islamic economic system lies in its principle of moderation and balance, wherein agriculture, trade, and defense obligations are organically interconnected. Historical case studies from al-Andalus and the Ottoman Caliphate clearly illustrate that when agricultural prosperity becomes detached from ethical values and religious consciousness, material affluence may itself serve as a precursor to decline. Conversely, when agricultural practices are governed by the objectives of Sharīʿah and the principles of social justice, the sector emerges as a powerful foundation for economic stability and societal well-being. Moreover, the study conceptualizes the Islamic agricultural framework based on zakāt and ʿushr as an effective welfare-oriented model that curtails wealth concentration and contributes to poverty alleviation. Islamic injunctions advocating moderation and prohibiting the waste of natural resources further demonstrate that Islamic agricultural thought is inherently compatible with contemporary principles of sustainable agriculture. In conclusion, the article argues that in the contemporary era—particularly in agrarian states such as Pakistan—agricultural policies grounded in Prophetic principles provide a comprehensive and viable framework for achieving food self-reliance, environmental sustainability, and economic sovereignty. Thus, the Islamic agricultural system is not merely a historical or traditional construct but a coherent and practical response to both present and emerging economic challenges۔ Keywords:Islamic Economic System, Agriculture in Islam, Sunnah of the Prophet ﷺ, Agricultural Development, Food Security and Ushr
An Analytical study of Hadiths related to the Baiat (in the light of Sihah Sittah)
This study examines the concept of Bay‘ah in the light of the Hadith literature of the Ṣiḥāḥ Sittah, highlighting its religious, socio-political, and ethical dimensions in early Islamic society. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant narrations, the research demonstrates that although individual reports concerning specific instances of Bay‘ah are mostly āḥād in nature, their collective meaning reaches the level of tawātur maʿnawī,thereby establishing the foundational concept of Bay‘ah as definitively authentic.The study identifies approximately twenty-one distinct conditions of Bay‘ah reported in the Ṣiḥāḥ Sittah, encompassing core beliefs, acts of worship, moral discipline, and collective responsibilities. It further argues that Bay‘ah served multiple objectives, including the continuity of leadership, reinforcement of communal responsibility, moral and spiritual reform, and the organization of collective defense, as evident in events such as the Pledges of ʿAqabah and Riḍwān.Additionally, the research explores the development of Bay‘ah within the Sufi tradition, concluding that spiritual Bay‘ah represents an ethical and reformative extension of Prophetic practices rather than an independent religious obligation. The study concludes that Bay‘ah was not merely a ceremonial act but a comprehensive social, political, and reformative mechanism that played a central role in shaping and sustaining Islamic civilization. Keywords: Bay‘ah (Pledge of Allegiance), Ṣiḥāḥ Sittah, Hadith Studies, Tawātur Maʿnawī, Islamic Political Thought, Moral and Spiritual Reform, Prophetic Sunnah, Sufi Bay‘ah
Impact of Visual Aids in Enhacing the Students Learnig Process at The Univeristy of Narowal
This study examines the impact of visual aids on enhancing the students learning process at the University of Narowal. Visual aids help simplify complex concepts, improve information retention, and make classroom instruction more engaging and meaningful. In higher education, visual aids such as charts, graphs, multimedia slides, pictures, whiteboards, and digital tools are increasingly integrated into instructional practices. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of visual aids on students' learning and engagement, to explore teachers' perceptions regarding their effectiveness, and to identify challenges faced in the use of visual aids. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 250 participants, including 200-students and 50 teachers, selected through random sampling. Ethical considerations were strictly followed. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, applying descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation analysis. The findings revealed that visual aids significantly enhance students' understanding, motivation, concentration, and retention. Teachers also reported improved classroom interaction and lesson organization. Despite challenges such as limited resources and insufficient training, visual aids were found to be essential tools for improving teaching and learning at the university level. Keywords: Visual aids, Learning process
The War Ethics in the Light of Islam and International Humanitarian Law (IHL): A Research Based Comparative Review
Sustained and continuous confrontation between two sovereign states for the achievement of ideological, political, social or economic interests using organized military forces and their deployment for the subject causes may be referred to as war. To pursue the said objectives or causes, the opponents may often pursue unlawful, unethical or any other means that adversely affect the established principles, laws, norms, rules or regulations therein undermining the social and global peace. In order avert the ongoing practices and intensify efforts for the accomplishment of peace, ethical framework and legal regulations have been proposed and recently developed, which themselves are subject to modifications and interpretations governing war and warfare. These regulations are often disregarded, ignored, and overlapped by the two confronting states, without acknowledging the negative consequences. Islam is a religion of peace and harmony that always curses and discourages any use of warfare. In extreme circumstances where disorder, corruption and injustice are reportedly being spread by any individual, group or any sovereign state, Islam permit and direct its followers towards intense armed struggle which is only meant for the self-defense and establishment of peace, security and justice and social harmony. Furthermore, the ethical principles and legal regulations of warfare duly established 14 centuries ago by teaching of Islam and Sunnah remained the same and unchanged that could be found in its original essence. Keywords: War Ethics, Islam, International Humanitarian Law, Peace, Legal Regulation
A Research-Based Study of Social Media and Digital Culture in the Light of Islamic Ethical Principles: Social and Civilizational Challenges of the Modern Age
This research article presents a critical and analytical study of social media and digital culture in the light of Islamic ethical principles, focusing on the contemporary social and civilizational challenges of the modern age.The study explores the necessity and importance of social media, examines its conceptual relevance in relation to the Islamic notion of Madinah as a morally structured society, and incorporates perspectives of modern scholars and media experts regarding its role and impact.The article emphasizes that,from an Islamic viewpoint, the use of social media is not merely a matter of freedom of expression but a moral responsibility and a trust. Core Islamic values such as amr bil Ma‘ruf and nahi ‘anil munkar, avoidance of sharing unverified information, refraining from mockery, falsehood, abusive language, and character assassination are highlighted as essential ethical guidelines for digital engagement. Furthermore, the study underscores the obligation to distinguish between good and evil, promote positive content, ensure responsible dissemination of information, and contribute to social reform through both individual and collective efforts, including the role of legal and regulatory institutions. The article also critically examines the major social and moral challenges arising from contemporary digital culture, such as waste of time, social isolation, negligence in religious obligations, spread of unauthentic and immoral content, deterioration of family life and relationships, physical and psychological harm, political and religious hatred, abusive discourse, false accusations, and the adverse effects of social media on children and adolescents.The study concludes that if social media is utilized within the framework of Islamic ethical principles, it can serve as a powerful tool for moral development, social harmony, and constructive civilizational growth,offering meaningful solutions to the challenges posed by the modern digital age. Keywords: Social media, Digital Culture, Islamic Moral Framework, Media Ethics, Amr bil Ma‘ruf wa Nahi ‘anil Munkar, Ethical Communication, InformationResponsibility, Social and Moral Reform, Contemporary Societal Challenges, Digital Civilization
The Palestine–Israel Conflict and the Role of the European Union: Historical Context, Policy Dynamics, and Prospects for a Just Peace
This article interrogates the Palestine–Israel conflict through a multidimensional analytical framework integrating historical institutionalism, international legal norms, and EU foreign policy behavior as conceptualized within the literature on normative power and external governance. By situating the conflict within a longue durée trajectory of settler-colonial dynamics, territorial fragmentation, and asymmetric power relations, the study elucidates how structural conditions embedded since the Mandate period continue to shape contemporary governance modalities, security regimes, and displacement patterns. The analysis foregrounds the European Union’s role as a composite international actor whose policies are mediated by internal preference heterogeneity, institutional path dependencies, and the constraints of a consensus-based Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) architecture. Empirically, the article synthesizes EU diplomatic outputs, legal positions on occupation and settlement activity, aid disbursement patterns, and engagement within multilateral for a including the Quartet to assess the extent to which the EU functions as an effective norm entrepreneur or predominantly as a technocratic stabilizer within an entrenched conflict system. The findings suggest that while the EU exerts significant structural influence through financial governance mechanisms, regulatory differentiation, and human rights monitoring, its transformative impact is attenuated by exogenous power asymmetries most notably U.S. dominance in mediation and endogenous constraints on deploying coercive conditionality. The article concludes that enhancing EU efficacy requires a recalibration toward a rights-based, enforceable, and internally coherent strategy that operationalizes international humanitarian and human rights law not merely as discursive resources but as actionable policy instruments. Keywords: Palestine–Israel Conflict, European Union Foreign Policy, Occupation and Settlements, Multilateral Diplomacy