The Journal of Religion and Society dives deep into the fascinating intersection of faith and community. It's a platform where scholars, researchers, and anyone with a curious mind can explore the multifaceted ways religion shapes and is shaped by social structures, cultural norms, and historical currents.
Islamic Ethics of Disagreement and the Use of Social Media in the Contemporary Era: A Research and Analytical Study in Light of Urdu Exegetical Literature
This study examines the Islamic ethics of disagreement and their application to contemporary social media discourse, drawing on Urdu exegetical literature. Islamic teachings emphasize wisdom, respectful dialogue, sincerity, and truthfulness as essential principles governing differences of opinion. In contrast, current online behavior is often marked by emotional reactions, personal attacks, misinformation, and the pursuit of visibility, leading to polarization and social fragmentation.The analysis highlights the gap between Qur’anic guidelines for ethical disagreement and the prevalent patterns of digital communication. It shows that the erosion of decorum on social media undermines scholarly engagement, fuels sectarianism, and weakens communal cohesion. The study concludes that fostering responsible online conduct, promoting research-based dialogue, and integrating ethical training are necessary for ensuring that disagreement remains constructive and aligned with Islamic moral frameworks.
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Sociological investigation of the rule of law, transparency and accountability in relation to corruption in Punjab, Pakistan
Corruption is still a widespread worldwide problem that impacts every sphere of society and keeps getting bigger and more complicated. Because of its complexity, it is hard to pinpoint a single cause, which makes prevention and control efforts more challenging. Given its pervasive effects, scholars, decision-makers, and organizations from both the public and private sectors have underlined how crucial it is to research corruption in order to comprehend its fundamental dynamics and create workable solutions. Using structured survey data from 600 participants representing a range of groups, including government employees, professionals in the private sector, students, and members of civil society. This quantitative study investigates the sociological analysis of rule of law, transparency, and accountability in relation to corruption in Punjab, Pakistan. Interview schedules served as the main method of gathering data for the study, which was carried out in the Punjabi districts of Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, and Faisalabad. Using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques at the univariate and bivariate levels, the data were analysed using SPSS software. The results show that a combination of poor governance, lax law enforcement, a lack of transparency, economic hardships, and political favouritism trigger corruption in Pakistan. All of these elements work together to maintain and exacerbate corrupt practices in government agencies. The study also emphasizes the negative effects of corruption, such as the decline in foreign investment, the deterioration of public confidence in government agencies, the escalation of social inequality, and the slowed rate of economic growth. Numerous respondents expressed grave concerns about the deteriorating standard of public services as well as the growing rates of injustice and poverty that are linked to corruption. The study suggests extensive reforms aimed at bolstering legal frameworks, improving transparency, and encouraging increased civic engagement in light of these revelations. This study gives stakeholders and policymakers evidence-based recommendations for creating focused strategies that promote accountability, integrity, and good governance in Pakistan by identifying the main causes and effects of corruption. Keywords: Rule of law, accountability, transparency, meritocracy, and corruption.
Significance of parents’ involvement, cultural religious values, gender role and family teaching values in relation to children’s personality development and their educational achievements in Punjab Province, Pakistan
This study is significant as it examines how family relationships influence children’s personality development and educational achievement within Punjab Province, Pakistan. The primary objective is to investigate the effects of parental involvement, cultural and religious values, gender roles, and demographic factors (age, level of education, occupation, and parental education) on children’s academic performance and psychosocial outcomes. The study employs a quantitative research design using structured questionnaires administered to 450 school and college going students across urban and rural districts of Punjab. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics to identify patterns and relationships among variables. The analysis revealed that parental involvement, supportive cultural and religious practices, and equitable gender role attitudes positively predict children’s self-esteem, motivation, and academic success, while economic hardship and traditional patriarchal constraints limit development. Key findings highlight that higher parental education, family cohesion, and active engagement are strongly associated with enhanced personality development and educational outcomes. The study recommends policy interventions, parent education programs, and school-family partnerships that promote inclusive, culturally sensitive, and gender-equitable parenting to foster holistic child growth in Punjab. Keywords: Family relationships, child development, parental Involvement, educational achievement.
Influence of Parent’s Socio-Cultural Capital on the Personality Development of Secondary Schools Students in South Punjab
The current research paper analyses the impact of the socio-cultural capital of the parents on the personality of the secondary school students of South Punjab in Pakistan. The study is based on the theory of capital proposed by Pierre Bourdieu who studies the influence of parental education, family income, language use, study behavior, and social assets on cognitive, affective, social, behavioral, moral, and physical development of students. The quantitative design entailed a stratified random sample of 600 students who were selected in 30 urban and rural, divided into 30 public secondary schools. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data which has proven to be highly reliable (Cronbachs 0.70 and above). The analysis (statistical tests that were performed that included descriptive statistics and correlation tests) demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the socio cultural capital of parents and the personality growth of students. The research presents the significance of a comprehensive family involvement and interventions to curb the effects of socio-cultural discrepancies, achieve fair education results, and boost the general development of students. Policy suggestions highlight the need to educate parents through programmes, community-based interventions, and provision of resources in order to assist the disadvantaged families. These results add up to the available literature on the multidimensional influence of socio-cultural capital in a South-Asian context. Keywords: Socio-cultural capital, personality development, secondary education, the region of South Punjab, Bourdieu theory.
Dr. Nouman Khaliq (Corresponding Author)
The Concept of Falah al-Darain in Iqbal’s Poetry: A Philosophical and Practical Analysis in the Light of Qur’anic Verses
This research investigates the concept of Falah al-Darain success in both worldly and spiritual realms—in the poetry of Allama Iqbal, contextualized through the teachings of the Holy Qur’an. Falah al-Darain encompasses the holistic development of human life, integrating ethical, spiritual, and practical dimensions. The study focuses on Iqbal’s philosophy of Khudi (selfhood) and his emphasis on purposeful action (Tasawwur-e-Amal) as essential pathways toward achieving this dual success. By critically analyzing selected Qur’anic verses alongside Iqbal’s poetic expressions, the research highlights the interconnection of faith (Iman), righteous deeds (Amal-e-Saleh), knowledge (Ilm), and moral conduct in realizing the ideal of comprehensive prosperity. Employing a qualitative and analytical methodology, the study demonstrates that Iqbal’s work not only mirrors Qur’anic guidance but also offers actionable principles for individual and societal development. The findings underscore the continuing relevance of Iqbal’s thought in contemporary Muslim societies, providing insights for intellectual, ethical, and spiritual growth aligned with divine guidance. Keywords: Allama Iqbal , Falah al-Darain, Khudi , Tasawwur-e-Amal ,Faith and Righteous Deeds
Critical Analysis of the 1951 Refugee Convention in the Context of Climate Change and Modern Conflicts
The 1951 Refugee Convention has served as the cornerstone of international refugee protection for over seven decades. Originally designed to address the plight of individuals fleeing persecution in the aftermath of World War II, the Convention has remained limited in scope, failing to explicitly cover populations displaced by climate change, environmental degradation, or modern armed conflicts. As global displacement reaches unprecedented levels, traditional legal frameworks are increasingly inadequate to protect vulnerable populations. This study critically examines the evolving interpretation of the 1951 Refugee Convention in the context of contemporary challenges, particularly climate-induced and conflict-related displacement. Using a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with thirteen human rights activists in Pakistan who are directly engaged with refugee advocacy and policy. Thematic analysis of the interview data revealed four primary themes: legal gaps and loopholes in the Convention, the historical evolution of its interpretation, political and social resistance to expanding its scope, and ethical concerns regarding the continued exclusion of climate refugees. Participants emphasized that while the Convention remains a vital legal instrument, its limitations generate structural vulnerabilities for large segments of displaced populations. The study finds that states often deploy ad hoc mechanisms, domestic policies, and discretionary humanitarian programs to fill gaps left by the Convention, resulting in inconsistent protection and inequities. The research underscores the urgent need for legal reform, the expansion of international protection frameworks, and ethical accountability in addressing displacement arising from climate change and modern conflicts, ensuring that international law evolves to meet contemporary humanitarian imperatives.
Authentication and Verification of Hadiths related to the reasons for Revelation (Asbab al-Nuzul) of Selected Verses from Surah Ya-Sin, Surah Saad, Surah Az-Zumar, and Surah Ha-Mim as-Sajdah
This article explores the compilation and authentication of Hadiths related to the reasons for revelation (Asbab al-Nuzul) of selected verses from Surah Ya-Sin, Surah Saad, Surah Az-Zumar, and Surah Ha-Mim as-Sajdah. The research systematically collects narrations from classical sources and evaluates their chains of transmission (Isnad) to determine their authenticity. By distinguishing between authentic (Sahih), good (Hasan), and weak (Daief) narrations, the study provides a reliable contextual understanding of these Qur’anic verses. The findings aim to enhance both scholarly exegesis (Tafsir) and the devotional comprehension of these Surahs, highlighting the historical circumstances that prompted their revelation. Keywords: Asbab al-Nuzul, Hadith Authentication, Surah Ya-Sin, Surah Saad, Surah Az-Zumar, Surah Ha-mim as-Sajdah, Tafsir, Qur’anic Context.
From Development to Securitization: How Terrorism Transformed CPEC and Pakistan China Relations (2015–2024)
This article examines how terrorism has reshaped the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and bilateral relations between 2015 and 2024. Using securitization theory, it adopts a qualitative case-study design and content analysis of secondary sources to explore attack patterns and policy responses. Findings reveal that repeated assaults on CPEC projects and Chinese nationals increased costs, delayed timelines, and institutionalized counterterrorism within the partnership’s operational framework. Measures such as the Special Security Division, stricter movement protocols, and a security sub-group under the Joint Cooperation Committee illustrate how CPEC evolved from a development-first initiative into a security-governance model. Conceptually, the study frames terrorism as a “dual-force variable,” simultaneously constraining economic progress while reinforcing strategic alignment through institutionalized security cooperation. By highlighting this dual effect, the article provides one of the first systematic analyses of terrorism’s governance impact on CPEC and concludes that its long-term sustainability depends on balancing militarized protection with inclusive governance and community participation, offering insights for other Belt and Road corridors in fragile environment. Keywords: CPEC, Pakistan-China relations, terrorism, securitization theory, counterterrorism cooperation
Dr. Shahzad Akhtar (Corresponding Author)
The Comprehensive Qur’anic Perspective on Women’s Rights: A Comparative Study of Surah al-Nisa and Surah al-Nur
This research article presents a comparative analysis of women’s rights as outlined in Surah al-Nisa and Surah al-Nur, examined through the interpretations of Tafsir Tibyan al-Qur’an and Tafsir Sirat al-Jinan. Surah al-Nisa addresses key issues such as financial support, inheritance, marriage, dowry, and marital responsibilities, while Surah al-Nur emphasizes chastity, protection against false accusations, and the guidelines for modesty. The study highlights how Tafsir Tibyan al-Qur’an elaborates on these rights with in-depth scholarly reasoning rooted in Hadith and Fiqh, whereas Tafsir Sirat al-Jinan presents them in a simplified and accessible manner for the general reader. The comparative approach demonstrates that the Qur’anic concept of women’s rights is comprehensive, balanced, and practical upholding women’s dignity while fostering justice and social harmony. This paper underscores the importance of combining scholarly depth with public accessibility to ensure the effective transmission of Qur’anic teachings in society. Keywords: Qur’an, Women’s Rights, Surah al-Nisa, Surah al-Nur, Tafsir Tibyan al-Qur’an, Tafsir Sirat al-Jinan, Comparative Study, Islamic Law, Gender Justice
Explanation of the attributes of believers in the light of Surah Al-Furqan
The holy Quran highlights numerous virtues of believers, showcasing the qualities Allah expects from those closest to Him. These virtues are mentioned both as ‘models of ideal behavior’ illustrating exemplary character traits and as ‘clear instructions’ aimed at refining human conduct. Their versatility spans ethical, economic, social, and worship-related dimensions, guiding believers toward comprehensive excellence.In the ‘final section of Surah Al-Furqan’ Allah outlines specific qualities that touch both individual and collective life, offering a roadmap for believers to attain proximity to Almighty Allah. These qualities encompass: Humility and modesty’ in worship and daily interaction. Steadfastness in truth’ and avoidance of falsehood. Compassion and generosity toward others, especially the needy Responsible stewardship’ of resources, reflecting ethical economic practices Integrity in social dealings, fostering trust and unity within the community. By embodying these traits, believers align themselves with divine expectations, ensuring both personal growth and societal harmony.
Health Preservation and Environmental Protection in the Light of Prophetic Teachings
Islam is an all-inclusive religion. It is the leader in all spheres of life. It also puts proper direction as well as instructions on health.Islam has offered all round instructions to man in order to keep his health safe and healthy. Technically, the word "environment" is an Arabic word. It refers to the surrounding environment. The term pollution is used 25 times in the Quran, which means the substances flowing to earth, water, and atmosphere, and cause harm to the human health, animals, and plants. Islam, the religion that has taught the significance of environmental pollution 1400 years ago, has gone in great lengths to conserve the environment against water, air, land, and noise pollutants to ensure that no society pollutes the environment. Through the Muslim Shariah, the Zareen principle attempts to deal with problems of human life such as climate change. It proposes the idea of planting of trees and vegetation to fight environmental pollution. The tree herbs are treated in medicine and even the old people treat themselves with them since they do not harm and are beneficial. KEYWORDS: Islamic Principles, Quran and Human Life, Pollution, Environmental pollution, Herbs and Its benefits.
An Analytical and literey study of the Quranic Commentary and the Interpretation of the Quran
"The Holy Quran is the final divine and revolutionary book revealed by Allah Almighty. It was sent down to transform the lives of human beings. Without this sacred guidance, creation cannot truly recognize or understand its Creator." "The Holy Quran is a source of guidance for all human beings. It encompasses all matters related to human life, from birth to death. Moreover, the possibility of any distortion in it has been eliminated until the Day of Judgment." "The Holy Qur'an is a treasure trove of knowledge, from which scholars extract insights according to their individual capacities. Allah Almighty has revealed two primary types of verses within it. One category consists of clear commands and legal rulings. The other encompasses a broad range of themes, including monotheism (Tawheed), prophethood, exhortation and guidance, warnings and admonitions, narratives and parables, vivid depictions of the Day of Judgment, and detailed descriptions of Paradise and Hell. Each type serves a divine purpose, addressing the intellect, spirit, and moral compass of humanity." "Approximately five hundred verses in the Holy Qur'an pertain to legal rulings, the details of which have been thoroughly explained by jurists and commentators. Over the centuries, countless translations and interpretations of the Qur'an have been produced in various languages—an immense blessing for the Muslim Ummah. Allah Almighty has instilled such wisdom and flexibility in the rulings of the Qur'an and Sunnah that they continue to offer guidance for issues that arise up to the Day of Judgment. For this reason, the door of ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) has remained open, allowing qualified scholars to address new challenges in light of the foundational principles of Islam." This is why the door of ijtihad has been kept open until the Day of Judgment—to address emerging issues in light of the Qur'an and Sunnah. In the present era, the Muslim Ummah is confronted with numerous unprecedented challenges. However, some scholars tend toward exaggeration or deviation when engaging in ijtihad directly from the Qur'an and Sunnah without proper methodology. Recognizing this, the three selected commentators have addressed various jurisprudential issues in their respective interpretations, offering insights that are particularly relevant to contemporary life. This article presents a research-based, comparative analysis of these selected verses across these three interpretations, focusing on the legal rilings derived from them and their application to modern contexts . Keywords: Quranic Exegesis, Tafsir Studies, Literary Analysis, Interpretative Methodology, Quranic Hermeneutics
An Analytical Study of the Commercial Life of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) and the Islamic Concept of Entrepreneurship
This paper includes a close analysis of the Islamic business ethics and contemporary entrepreneurship with reference to the Prophetic Biography (Siyah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ). The work confirms that the whole life of the Messenger ﷺ, the commercial surroundings of Makkah, the partnership of mudaraba with Sayyidah Khadijah (RA), the title al-Sadiq al-Amain (the Trustworthy), the ban on hoarding and profiteering, the charged profit margins, the fulfilment of pledges, the written contract, to risk management, is an intact, practical and blessed business model, which is entirely applicable nowadays. The paper will perform comparative analysis of Western capitalism (the only purpose of which is to maximize profits) and Islamic entrepreneurship (the purpose of which is divine pleasure, service to people, and sustainable development). It concludes that the principles based on the Sīrah of the Prophet such as interest-free economy, transparency, social responsibility, and environmental protection are in complete compliance with the modern world needs. The living examples of this SSIR-based model are Islamic banking, the ḥalal industry, green finance and micro finance which stayed strong amid the worldwide financial meltdowns. The last part will provide the practical advice to Muslim traders and youths, importance of the Sīrah of Prophet in business education and trainings, and emphasize the bright future of Islamic entrepreneurship. It is proved that in case Muslim young people should become the Sanyat as their business role model in several decades the world economy will be organized by Muslim businessmen again, who are going to succeed not only in this world but in the Hereafter that is more important. Keywords: Prophetic Biography (Sīrah), Islamic Entrepreneurship, ḥalāl livelihood, mudārabah, al-Ṣādiq al-Amīn, profiteering, fair profit, avoidance of interest (ribā), contracts, risk management, sustainable economy, business ethics, service to humanity, Islamic banking, Muslim traders
The Aims and Objectives of Imam Husain‘s (Peace be Upon Him) Uprising, in the Words of Imam Husain (A. A) Himself
Imam Husain (peace be upon him) belongs to the blessed household of the Messenger of Allah. According to the Qur’an, and the verse of Mubahala, the family of the Prophet are alive in status. Verses of the Qur’an testify to their purity, truthfulness, love and greatness, and many authentic hadiths and books mention their virtues. According to noble hadith, Hasan and Husain are the leaders of the youth of Paradis. Their entire lives were lived according to the Qur’an and in accordance with the character (Seerah) of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Imam Husain spent his blessed childhood in the company of his grandfather, the Messenger of Allah, his father Ali al-Murtaza, and his mother Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon them all). For about eleven years (11 years) he lived under the care of the Prophet (peace be upon him); for about forty years (40 years) under the guardianship of his father Ali (peace be upon him), and for about ten years (10 years) under the leadership of his brother Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), who was the leader of the youth of Paradise. After that, for nearly eleven years (11 years), the period of his Imamate and guidance of the Ummah continued. During this time, Yazid ibn Mu‘awiyah was appointed as ruler over the Ummah. He demanded allegiance (bay‘ah), but Imam Husayn refused. The people of Kufa continuously wrote letters to Imam Husayn, requesting him to come. Imam did not accept the government of Yazid because his purpose was to uphold amr bil-ma‘ruf wa-nahy ‘anil munkar (enjoining good and forbidding evil). Following the path of the Prophet and of Ali (peace be upon them), he set out toward Kufa . Upon reaching Karbala, Yazid’s appointed governor and commander, ‘Umar bin Sa‘ad, confronted Imam with his army. On the day of 10th Muharram, Imam Husain (peace be upon him) was martyred. His sermons, speeches, and the purpose of his struggle give witness to the truth of his martyrdom and his mission. Keywords: Imam Husain (AS), Ahl al-Bayt, Martyrdom, Islamic Leadership, Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Qur'anic Purity, Hadith of Youth of Paradise, Islamic Resistance, Spiritual Legacy.
Infaq Fi Sabil Allah and the Exemplary Conduct of the Female Companions (RA): An Analytical Study
This study explores the concept of Infaq fi Sabeelillah (spending in the way of Allah) in the light of the Qur’an and Hadith, emphasizing its comprehensive nature that encompasses financial, social, and moral dimensions. The research particularly focuses on the exemplary role of the female Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) who demonstrated remarkable dedication, sacrifice, and sincerity in their acts of charity and service. Their contributions ranging from financial support to humanitarian and social participation reflect the true spirit of faith and devotion. By analyzing their lives and practices, this study derives guiding principles for contemporary Muslim women, highlighting the relevance of these models in countering materialism and promoting social welfare in the modern era. The paper concludes with key findings and recommendations, emphasizing that the spirit of Infaq serves as a foundation for moral development, social balance, and the empowerment of women in the path of faith and humanity. Keywords: Infaq fi Sabeelillah, Female Companions, Charity in Islam, Role of Women in Islam, Faith and Sincerity, Social Welfare, Islamic Ethics, Contemporary Guidance
Dr. Bakhtawar Siddique (Corresponding Author)
Effects of Parents’ Behavior on Children from an Islamic Perspective
In Islam, parents hold a highly respected and influential position in shaping their children’s character, faith, and behavior. The Holy Qur’an and Hadith emphasize that the family is the first institution where a child learns values, manners, and the basics of faith. Therefore, parents’ attitudes and behavior deeply affect their children’s personality and future conduct. When parents show love, kindness, patience, and fairness, children grow up with emotional stability, self-confidence, and strong moral values.On the other hand, harshness, neglect, or favoritism can lead to feelings of insecurity, rebellion, or emotional imbalance in children. Islam encourages moderation neither excessive strictness nor total freedom so that children develop discipline along with respect and love for their parents. Moreover, parents are responsible not only for their children’s worldly upbringing but also for their spiritual and moral education. Parents must guide their children toward righteousness, prayer, honesty, and good behavior. In short, Islam teaches that the way parents behave through their words, actions, and treatment creates a lasting impact on their children’s hearts and souls. Loving guidance, good example, and spiritual nurturing help raise children who are respectful, pious, and successful in both this world and the hereafter. Keywords: Parents, Children, Behaviours, Responsibility
How Gender Norms Affects women’s Access to Labor Markets and Entrepreneurship in Pakistan
Women’s participation in Pakistan’s labor market and entrepreneurship remains significantly constrained by entrenched gender norms, despite recent economic reforms and inclusion initiatives. These social expectations surrounding women’s modesty, family honor, and domestic responsibilities restrict their mobility and economic agency, perpetuating gendered economic disparities. The purpose of this study is to examine how gender norms affect women’s access to labor markets and entrepreneurship in Pakistan, with freedom of movement as a mediating variable and educational level as a moderating factor. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed using survey data from 242 women across urban and rural regions of Pakistan. Validated measurement scales assessed gender norms, mobility, education, labor market access, and entrepreneurial participation. Data were analyzed through SPSS and AMOS using correlation, Model Fit, reliability, validity, mediation, and moderation analyses. Results revealed that restrictive gender norms have significant negative effects on women’s access to both labor markets and entrepreneurship. Freedom of movement partially mediated these relationships, indicating that mobility limitations serve as a key mechanism translating social norms into economic exclusion. Furthermore, education moderated the relationship between gender norms and mobility, demonstrating that higher educational attainment mitigates the restrictive effects of traditional norms. These findings underscore that structural and cultural barriers must be addressed concurrently. Policy implications include integrating mobility-enhancing and norm-change interventions with educational initiatives to foster women’s economic inclusion. The study advances gender and development theory through an integrated mediated-moderated model, offering a framework for designing holistic, context-sensitive empowerment policies. Keywords: Gender norms; Freedom of movement; Women’s economic empowerment; Labor market access; Entrepreneurship; Education
A Comparative Study of the Arguments of Hadith Scholars and Theologians in the Interpretation of Divine Attributes
This research article explores the interpretations of the Qur'anic Āyāt al-Ṣifāt (verses of Divine Attributes) in the light of classical and post-classical Islamic theology (ʿIlm al-Kalām). It focuses on the diverse theological approaches of prominent Muslim theologians (Mutakallimūn) such as the Ashʿarīs, Māturīdīs, and Ḥanbalīs regarding the affirmation, allegorical interpretation (taʾwīl), or delegation (tafwīḍ) of these attributes. The study aims to highlight the epistemological and methodological principles adopted by each school, their theological implications, and the impact of their views on later Islamic thought. By critically examining their arguments and contextualizing them within broader kalām debates, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how Muslim theologians grappled with the balance between divine transcendence and textual fidelity. Keywords: Arguments, Hadith Scholars, Theologians, Interpretation of Divine Attributes
Curriculum Challenges Faced by Primary School Students and Their Solutions
Education is the foundation of individual and social progress, yet today’s primary education system often becomes a burden rather than a source of learning and joy. The paper highlights key issues such as the excessive weight of school bags, lack of effective teacher training, exam pressure, outdated teaching methods, and unnecessary homework. These factors collectively harm children’s physical and mental health, reduce their interest in learning, and hinder the development of creativity and critical thinking. The study argues that the curriculum should be simplified and aligned with children’s natural abilities and interests. It emphasizes the importance of activity-based learning, age-appropriate admission, elimination of unnecessary homework, and assessment through observation rather than stressful exams. The paper also stresses the shared responsibility of parents, teachers, and educational institutions in providing a supportive environment. Drawing guidance from the Qur’an and Hadith, it concludes that true education is not just the acquisition of knowledge but also the cultivation of moral character, social responsibility, and spiritual growth. A balanced, ethical, and learner-centered system inspired by Islamic principles can produce a creative, responsible, and morally upright generation. Keywords: Education, Knowledge, Islamic Principles, Responsibility
Slavery of the State of Jammu & Kashmir and the Defecto Governance of Azad Kashmir in Its Historical Perspective
Under this research, the State of Jammu and Kashmir as a whole is discussed with brief history that how it has been governed by different tribes under different ways of methodologies, which depicts the importance and culture of this historical state already existed from an im-memorable period. The civilization and culture of the Kashmiri people in its historical perspective have been given a touch in this chapter. In continuance of historical perspective, the constitutional crises based relationship of Azad Jammu and Kashmir territory with Pakistan has also been discussed in a brief way under different circumstances which were and are being faced by the people of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the people of Pakistan too. The territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir District-wise have been discussed by throwing a light on the culture, civilizations and nature of the people residing therein. There are three parts of this research paper. In first part, the history of the State of Jammu and Kashmir have been discussed from its ancient Hindu period till the period of the partition of Indian subcontinent 1947. The regimes of Sikhs, Afghans, Mughals etc. have been discussed shortly in order to know that how the people of this State have been treated and governed under multiple cultures and civilizations. The second part of this research solely focused on the territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, which is the nucleus of this thesis. The Culture, languages, employment sources etc. of the people of this area have been expressed in District-wise. And the last part of this research deals with the Constitutional relationship of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in its historical perspective particularly from 1947 to till now that how the people of Azad Jammu and Kashmir are being governed by the Federal Government of Pakistan while performing its functions under UNO resolutions. What different mechanism have been adopted by the Federal Government of Pakistan from 1947 to till now with regard to the good governance in Azad Jammu and Kashmir under different treaties and agreements. Keywords: Slavery, State of Jammu & Kashmir, Defecto Governance, Azad Kashmir, Historical Perspective
Exploring the Relationship Between Mindfulness, Cognitive Flexibility, and Perceived Stress Among Adults
Stress is a common issue that affects physical health, emotional stability, and cognitive performance. Mindfulness, defined as non-judgmental present-moment awareness, plays a key role in lowering perceived stress and improving well-being. With an emphasis on gender differences, this study investigates the relationships among perceived stress, cognitive flexibility, and mindfulness. The Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS-12), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-39) were used in a cross-sectional study of 336 adults aged 18 years and older. Independent-samples t-tests examined gender differences, and Pearson correlation coefficients evaluated associations among mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, and perceived stress. Results showed a significant negative correlation between perceived stress and mindfulness (r = –0.233, p < 0.01), with mindfulness linked to reduced stress levels. Cognitive flexibility correlated positively with mindfulness (r = 0.164, p < 0.01) and weakly with perceived stress (r = 0.150, p < 0.01). Females reported higher perceived stress (M = 26.49, SD = 7.08) than males (M = 24.65, SD = 5.42), t(333) = –2.667, p = 0.008. Cognitive flexibility and mindfulness did not differ significantly by gender. Regression results further showed that mindfulness was a significant negative predictor of perceived stress (β = –.23, p < .001) and a significant positive predictor of cognitive flexibility (β = .16, p = .003). The findings highlight the importance of mindfulness and cognitive flexibility in reducing perceived stress and suggest that gender-specific approaches may enhance stress-management interventions. Keywords: Mindfulness, Cognitive Flexibility, Perceived Stress, Gender Differences, Psychological Well-being.
Interfaith Harmony in Pakistan and the World: Policy Developments and Grassroots Efforts to Counter Religious Extremism and Hate Speech.
This research article examines the dynamics of interfaith harmony in Pakistan and the world, focusing on policy developments and grassroots efforts to counter religious extremism and hate speech. Using a qualitative approach grounded in Contact Theory, the study analyses international and Pakistani interfaith policies, including the comprehensive Interfaith Harmony Policy 2025 and the National Action Plan. It highlights the critical role of grassroots initiatives such as the Peace and Education Foundation in transforming attitudes and preventing violence at the community level. The research identifies persistent gaps between policy formulation and implementation, due to weak coordination, political challenges, and resource constraints, and emphasises civil society’s vital role in bridging these divides. Drawing comparative insights from global cases, the study offers practical recommendations for integrated multi-stakeholder approaches, sustained funding, educational reforms, and enhanced legal safeguards. This work contributes to the understanding of how synergistic policy-practice integration can foster sustainable interfaith harmony and offers directions for future research in this vital area of peacebuilding.
Diasporic Diplomacy: Asian Migrant Communities as Non-State Actors in Global Politics
Diasporic diplomacy has become an important part of international relations in a time when globalization, transnational connections, and the power of non-state actors are all on the rise. Asian migrant populations spread out over different areas have become important players in defining the political, economic, and cultural relations between their home and host countries. These communities have changed diplomacy from a practice that only involved states to a process of transnational engagement that involves many layers. They did this through things like soft power projection, lobbying, remittances, and digital connectedness. This paper analyzes the role of Asian diasporas as non-state diplomatic entities by promoting homeland interests, increasing cultural visibility, and shaping global policy discussions. It examines the historical underpinnings, institutional processes, and strategic frameworks that enable diasporas from South, East, and Southeast Asia to function as legitimate actors in global governance. The study emphasizes the role of diasporic diplomacy in identity formation, power negotiation, and cross-border collaboration through qualitative investigation and theoretical perspectives. The findings indicate that diasporas function as independent entities capable of influencing policy, facilitating cultural comprehension, and reinterpreting sovereignty in a globalized context. Keywords: Diaspora Diplomacy, Asian Migrant Communities, Non-State Actors, Transnationalism, Soft Power, Globalization, International Relations
Maqasid al-Shariah and Its Influence on Islamic Governance and Policy: A Framework for Contemporary Reform
The persistent challenge of formulating a genuinely Islamic paradigm for modern governance has often resulted in a problematic dichotomy between secular models and traditionalist systems that rely on a rigid, legalistic interpretation of Shariah. This article argues that the classical Islamic legal theory of Maqasid al-Shariah (the Higher Objectives of Islamic Law) offers a robust, flexible, and ethically-grounded alternative for analyzing, critiquing, and guiding Islamic governance and public policy in the 21st century. Employing a qualitative methodology that integrates conceptual-analytical and case study approaches, the research first develops a comprehensive Maqasid-based governance framework built on the core principles of Teleological Prioritization, Systemic Maslahah (Public Welfare), and Comprehensive Justice (Adl). This framework is then applied to a descriptive case study of a contemporary Muslim-majority state. The findings reveal a significant dissonance: while the state demonstrates positive alignment with Maqasid in siloed, politically safe sectors like Islamic finance, critical gaps persist in areas of intellectual freedom, distributive economic justice, and judicial impartiality. The discussion interprets these findings as a consequence of historical path dependencies and political-institutional resistance, which favor a symbolic, instrumentalist use of Maqasid over its transformative potential. The article contends that the Maqasid framework serves as a powerful tool for internal critique and reform, capable of challenging entrenched power structures from within the Islamic tradition. Despite facing challenges from political elites and traditionalist establishments, a holistic Maqasid-driven model is proposed as the necessary paradigm for a governance system that faithfully serves the ultimate Islamic ends of human dignity, justice, and sustainable societal flourishing. Keywords: Maqasid al-Shariah, Islamic Governance, Public Policy, Maslahah, Good Governance, Justice (Adl), Human Dignity, Legalism, Sustainable Development
The Shari‘ah Status of Dropshipping: A Jurisprudential and Analytical Study of Contemporary Fatwas
In the modern era, the methods of trade and commerce have undergone remarkable transformations. The rise of the digital economy and online marketplaces has introduced new business models that demand renewed juristic evaluation. One of the most prominent among these is Drop Shipping, which has rapidly gained popularity in the global e-commerce industry. In this model, the seller markets and sells goods that are not in his actual possession or ownership; instead, upon receiving an order from the buyer, the seller purchases the product from a third-party supplier who directly ships it to the buyer. This business arrangement raises several significant questions in Islamic jurisprudence: Is it permissible to sell goods that the seller neither owns nor possesses? Can digital confirmation or constructive delivery be considered a valid qabḍ (possession) under Shariah? In response to such questions, contemporary juristic bodies and Dar al-Ifta institutions have issued various fatwas some deeming drop shipping impermissible due to the absence of ownership and possession, while others allowing it under specific contractual conditions. This article presents a jurisprudential and analytical study of these contemporary fatwas, aiming to examine drop shipping in light of Islamic principles of sale, particularly focusing on ownership (milkiyyah), possession (qabḍ), and liability (ḍamān). The research seeks to clarify the Shariah ruling of this emerging trade model within the framework of modern digital commerce. Keywords: Drop Shipping, Islamic Jurisprudence, Ownership, Possession, Liability, Contemporary Fatwas, Online Trade
Effects of Age on the Pronunciation Accuracy of English as a Second Language among the learners in the Public Sector institutions of KPK
This paper examines how age affects accuracy in the pronunciation of English by students studying in state-sponsored colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The pronunciation is a very important yet difficult part of the second language acquisition, which is influenced by a complex interaction of biological, psychological and sociolinguistic factors. The study was carried out through the application of a mixed-methods research design, which was organized using 120 participants divided into three age groups secondary school students, undergraduate students, and adult students who took part in professional language improvement courses. A set of three instruments was used to collect the data controlled pronunciation tests, auditory discrimination tasks and structured questionnaires. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the age of learning and the phonological attainment. Older learners showed a significant deficit in the acquisition of native-like speech sound and prosodic aspects, and slower progress and greater tenacity of L1 (Pashto) phonological interference were observed in younger learners. Nevertheless, the research also outlines the important mediating factors, such as the motivation of the learners, the frequency of exposure to L2, and the quality of the classroom instruction, which can be used to alleviate age-related limitations. The study offers strong empirical evidence in the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) in the distinct Pakistani socio-educational context. The conclusions highlight the importance of age-based pedagogical approach and curriculum development in order to improve learning about English pronunciation in multilingual, resource-deficient settings such as KPK. Keywords: Age Factor, Pronunciation Accuracy, Second Language Acquisition (SLA), Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), Phonological Attainment, L1 Interference (or Mother Tongue Influence), Public Sector Education, Khyber, Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistani ESL Context, Language Pedagogy.
General Elections 2018 in Pakistan: Contestants, Campaigns, and the Rise of Populist Politics
This chapter examines the dynamics of the 2018 General Elections in Pakistan, focusing on the major political contestants, their manifestos, and campaign strategies. The study highlights how electoral competition was shaped by populist rhetoric and shifting public expectations. Five mainstream political parties Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML-N), Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), and Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) were analyzed with reference to their organizational structures, promises, and electoral mobilization methods. The chapter finds that PTI’s populist appeal, built around themes of anti-corruption, justice, and welfare, redefined the national political discourse and resonated deeply with youth and middle-class voters. In contrast, the campaigns of PML-N and PPP relied heavily on legacy politics, regional patronage, and development narratives. The analysis reveals that campaign effectiveness was closely tied to social media engagement, leadership image, and issue-based communication rather than traditional vote-bank politics alone. Overall, this chapter concludes that the 2018 General Elections marked a turning point in Pakistan’s political landscape by reinforcing populist strategies as central to electoral success. The interplay of digital mobilization, charismatic leadership, and anti-elite sentiment reshaped the nature of political competition and contributed significantly to PTI’s electoral victory. Keywords: General Elections 2018, Populism, Political Campaigns, PTI, PML-N, PPP, MQM, MMA, Pakistan Politics
The life and services of Orientalist Arberry: An analytical study
Arthur J. Arberry (1905-1969) was a prominent 20th -century British scholar, famous for his vast contributions to studies of Arabic and Persian. As a professor of Arabic at Cambridge University. He was a key figure in the development of the study of Oriental languages and cultures within the Western world. Arberry’s most significant contributions lie within the realm of translation. His English translation of the Holy Quran is well known for literary elegance and readability but has also been criticized in terms of its cultural sensitivity and interpretative decisions. Arberry also rendered important translations of classical Persian poetry, such as the works of Rumi, Hafiz and Omar Khayyam, bringing Sufi philosophy and Persian literary tradition to a wider English-speaking world .Apart from translation, He wrote critical editions of central Arabic text and wrote prolifically on Islamic philosophy .bringing deeper understanding to intellectual traditions in the Muslim world .while his writing are admired for their scholarly erudition and style, some contemporary critics have identified a text-centered approach that sometimes ignored modern socio-political contexts. Apart from these shortcomings, his legacy remains and valuable references for students and scholars of Oriental Studies, symbolizing a bridge between Eastern literary traditions and Western academia. Keywords: Arhur J.Arberry, Oriental Studies, Quran translation, Persian poetry ,Sufism, Arabic literature ,Islamic Philosophy, British Scholarship.
Relocation of Corporate Hazards and Poor Working Conditions in Transnational Context: Victimization in Pakistan
This research paper describes the concept of contemporary issues of corporate crime with special focus on relocation of corporate hazards and poor working conditions in transnational context and its effects on people, making victimization vulnerable in Pakistan. There are different factors which become a major cause of such criminal activities of corporations in transnational context. Historically, the concept of social responsibility was very much prevalent among society men. Gradually corporations were made responsible towards society at large. With the passage of time, as man became increasingly inclined to his worldly profits, it remained more evident to find different business entities engaged in criminal activities to achieve their monetary goals even at the cost of innocent consumers and poor labour. In this dissertation, two aspects of transnational corporate crime have been described with their adverse effects on people in host developing countries. The logical conclusion of this research paper is that relocation of corporate hazards and poor working conditions cause victimization in developing countries including Pakistan which needs to be resolved by adopting strict and effective legal and regulatory measures. Keywords: Corporate crime, transnational corporations, corporate hazards, poor working conditions, developing countries, Pakistan.
Efficacy of a Brief Gratitude Intervention on Psychological Well-being Among Male University Students in Sindh, Pakistan
This research aimed to determine whether the gratitude intervention may improve the level of psychological well-being (PWB) among male university students. A single-group, pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was employed to test the hypothesis. The first phase involved screening of 80 participants (40 female, 40 male) aged 19 to 24 for gratitude and Psychological Well-being. Analysis of data revealed that male participants scored significantly lower on both gratitude and well-being as compared to their female counterparts. Afterward, twenty (20) male students were recruited for the gratitude intervention, which required them to write "three good things" every night for 10 days. Findings of the post-intervention confirmed a significant increase in both gratitude and psychological well-being scores within the cohort. This has specific implications in the collectivist-based culture of Sindh, Pakistan, and contributed to positive psychology in general. Keywords: Gratitude Intervention, Psychological Well-being, Male University Students, Sindh, Pakistan, Positive Psychology
Impact of Aggressive Communication Styles of School Heads on Teachers’ Emotional Stress at Secondary Schools in Bannu District
The purpose of this study was; to investigate Communication Styles of School Heads and Their Influence on Teachers’ Emotional Stress at secondary level in Bannu District. The study was descriptive in nature so descriptive survey design was used by the researcher to conduct the study. The study was descriptive in nature so descriptive survey design was used by the researcher to conduct the study. All 130 (Male/Female) secondary schools and all 1627(Male/Female) secondary schools’ teachers working in secondary schools of Bannu district was the population of the study. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw sample for the study. The sample size was justified by using Krejice& Morgan (1970) formula. The sample of the study was comprised of 56 secondary schools and 327 secondary school male and female teachers working in secondary schools in Bannu District. Two Questionnairess for the teachers were used to collect data from the sampled respondents. The collected data was analyzed by using Mean, Standard deviation. Regression used to find out required findings and conclusions. The study found that school heads commonly used average levels of both passive and aggressive communication styles, which significantly contributed to emotional stress among secondary school teachers. Regression analysis confirmed a notable statistical relationship between these communication behaviors and teacher well-being, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Aggressive communication had a slightly stronger impact, though both styles proved detrimental. In light of these findings, it is recommended that school systems prioritize the enhancement of leadership communication through targeted training, feedback mechanisms, and policy reforms. Key Words: Schools Heads, Aggressive Communication Styles, Teachers’ Emotional Stress at Secondary level, Bannu
Contemporary Challenges in Understanding of the Holy Qur'an and Their Solutions: An Analytical Study
The Qur'an is a timeless source of guidance for all generations; however, the challenges related to its understanding have varied across different eras. In the contemporary age, the rise of scientific and intellectual advancements, the growing influence of atheism and secularism, modern issues in translation and interpretation, the proliferation of digital media and artificial intelligence, and the persistence of sectarianism have further complicated the comprehension of the Qur'anic message. This study offers an analytical exploration of these modern challenges and proposes possible solutions in light of the Islamic intellectual tradition and contemporary thought.The research highlights that scientific progress has necessitated a fresh perspective in understanding the meanings of the Qur'an. However, the tendency to incorrectly impose scientific theories onto the Qur'anic text has, at times, led to interpretive problems. Likewise, under the influence of atheistic and secular ideologies, new questions have emerged in the field of Qur'anic interpretation that require robust scholarly responses. Moreover, modern translation and exegetical methods face challenges due to linguistic, contextual, and cultural disparities, calling for the establishment of standardized research and interpretative criteria at an international level. Additionally, while digital tools and artificial intelligence have introduced new opportunities for understanding the Qur'an, their unreliable or careless use can open pathways to misguidance. Therefore, it is essential to define strong scholarly and ethical guidelines for their use. The findings of this study emphasize the need to promote an ijtihād-based approach, integrate scientific and intellectual developments within the framework of Islamic teachings, and formulate sound exegetical principles on the basis of authentic scholarly research. It is equally important to provide the younger generation with an environment that harmonizes traditional Islamic knowledge with contemporary disciplines, enabling them to grasp the Qur'anic message more effectively and convey it responsibly. This study is a scholarly effort to address the contemporary challenges of Qur'anic understanding. It not only contributes to Islamic research and education but also offers valuable guidance in formulating appropriate principles for understanding the Qur'an in the modern age. Keywords: Understanding the Qur’an, Contemporary Challenges, Scientific Discourse, Ijtihād, Modern
Asylum as a Human Right in International Law: Theory and Practice in Pakistan
The ability to apply for asylum is a key element of international humanitarian law. It provides support and protects to the individuals who are trying to escape from threats they see in their home countries. This article probs into the foundation of asylum as a human right under the international law. It also emphasizes the issues and challenges faced by asylum seekers and refugees in a country like Pakistan which is not a signatory state to the 1951 Refugee Convention. This article discusses the asylum law refugee policy and the challenges faced by the asylum seekers in Pakistan. It critically analyzes the huge gap between international legal policy makers and domestic authenticities. This article recommends the parameters of asylum practice in Pakistan into the position of international human rights of asylum seekers. This article will examine the right to asylum as a human right endorsed in international law where Pakistan is lacking its practical enforcement. Pakistan being not a signatory of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol has created complications in the implementation of asylum laws in Pakistan, but Pakistan has hosted a huge number of refugees for more than four and half decades. The legal framework related to the asylum and for dealing with asylum seekers of Pakistan is very primal. This article focuses on the legal and policy framework of Pakistan, examines the situation of asylum seekers in Pakistan and recommends to modify the legal framework and asylum policy for better protection of refugees and asylum seekers. Keywords: Asylum, Human Right, International Law, Refugees, Policy Framework
Protective Measures and Intelligence System during the Makan Period: An Analytical Study in the Light of the Prophetic Biography (Seerah)
This study examines the protective and intelligence strategies adopted during the Makan period of the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) mission. Security and intelligence have always been fundamental to the survival of states and societies, and the early Muslim community, though weak and persecuted, exemplified a remarkable security-conscious approach under the Prophet’s guidance. The research highlights how secret planning, careful selection of safe meeting places (such as Dār al-Arqam), migration to Abyssinia as a secure refuge, and the confidentiality of the Bayʿat al-ʿAqaba meetings ensured the survival and gradual spread of Islam. Findings demonstrate that the Makkan experience laid the foundation for the structured security framework of the later Madinan state. Unlike other civilizations, Islam integrated intelligence within an ethical framework, rejecting immoral methods such as bribery, deceit, and exploitation, while legitimizing vigilance against enemies for the preservation of faith and community. The paper concludes that the Prophetic model provides timeless lessons for contemporary Muslim states, suggesting that modern intelligence institutions should operate within Qur’ānic and Prophetic principles. It also recommends the establishment of “Islamic Security Studies” as an academic discipline to address present-day challenges in light of Islamic teachings. Keywords: Prophetic Seerah, Makkan Period, Islamic Intelligence, Security Strategies, National Security, Ethical Framework
Digital Visibility and Gendered Boundaries: Fashion influencers in Quetta and the Reconfiguration of Social Norms
Fashion influencers and models have become key cultural intermediaries in Pakistan’s digital landscape. Yet most scholarship centers on metropolitan hubs (Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad), leaving conservative, culturally distinctive regions such as Quetta under-examined. This exploratory qualitative study uses semi-structured interviews with eight influencers and models in Quetta to understand how they negotiate gender norms, social stigma and industry constraints. Thematic analysis reveals four clusters: (1) gendered expectations and social surveillance; (2) professional/personal risks and thin markets; (3) social media as both empowerment and strain; and (4) resilience strategies (peer networks, “calculated authenticity,” selective self-disclosure). Results align with broader literature on gendered digital labor and influencer authenticity, while the Quetta context amplifies risk and narrows legitimate expressive space. Policy and industry implications include stronger cyber-harassment enforcement, mentoring pipelines, fair contracting, and gender-sensitive digital entrepreneurship training. Keywords: Balochistan, Digital Labor, Fashion Influencers, Gender Norms, Pakistan, Social Media
The Concept of Divine Love (Ishq-e-Haqiqi) in Islamic Sufism: A Comparative Study with Modern Philosophy of Love
This paper examines the deep meaning of ʿIshq-e-Haqiqi (Divine Love) within the Islamic Sufism, and makes a comparison with the contemporary philosophical conceptualization of love. Divine Love in the Sufi philosophy is the ultimate state of spirituality with which the human soul becomes united with the Divine beyond all the obligations and desires of the world. It is not just a feeling of emotion or romance but a kind of change that results in self purification (tazkiyah al-nafs) and spiritual enlightenment. Classical Sufi teachers, including Rabi al-Basri, Jalal al-Din Rumi and Ibn ʿArab 2, also understood love as the axis of human life, the expression of God by the annihilation (fanāʾ) and subsistence (baq) of the soul in Him. Conversely, the current philosophy explains love in the psychological, moral, and existential terms. Philosophers such as Sren Kierkegaard, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Erich Fromm consider love a moral obligation, a fight of recognition or a performance of creative will which confirms human liberation and meaning. Unlike Sufism, which finds love in the relation of the Divine and human, contemporary philosophy can tend to interpret love as a way of fulfilling the potential of human beings and their authenticity in a secular environment. By comparing them, this study can show that even though these traditions have different metaphysical premises, both of them consider love as an agent of change and a power that is uniting one that overcomes egoism and makes people connected to a larger reality, divine or existential. However, the bottom line of this study is that Sufi ʿIshq-e-Haqiqi and modern understanding of love both require self-surpassing, moral elevation and ultimate truth and unity and as such, they therefore represent the time-tested vision of human fulfillment in the modern era. Keywords: Islamic Sufism, Divine Love (ʿIshq-e-Haqiqi), Modern Philosophy of Love, Mysticism and Spirituality, Existentialism and Ethics, Comparative Philosophy, Self-Transcendence and Unity
A Research Study on the Contemporary Relevance and Application of Quranic Dialogues
The Qur’an presents dialogues between God and humankind, between prophets and their communities, and between the representatives of truth and falsehood in a highly profound and purposeful style. These dialogues are not merely historical accounts but carry eternal messages that continue to provide guidance in every era. The aim of this research is to examine how the Qur’anic dialogues hold significance in the contemporary world and how they can be applied to present-day intellectual, social, and moral challenges. This study particularly explores their relevance to modern existential questions, interfaith and intercultural dialogues, and the growing need for social harmony. The findings suggest that Qur’anic dialogues not only provide theological and ethical insights but also serve as foundational frameworks for conflict resolution, education, moral training, and the development of both individual and collective character. Thus, their contemporary relevance lies in awakening human consciousness, transforming conflict into dialogue, and guiding humanity towards purpose, wisdom, and intellectual growth.
Raja Dahir, the Arab Conquest, and the Roots of Religious Intolerance in Sindh
The Sindh History has been a decisive discourse in the South Asian historical events. As the Arab advent played pivotal role to emerge a new shape of the Sindh in the chronological annals. Chachnama and other Islamic chronicle written in 12th century and covering the history of Arab conquest of Sindh of 712 C.E; articulated the stories of Raja Dahir’s fall based on divinely sanctioned victory of Muslims over defeated Hindus, and embedded the ideological framework of Muslims legitimate status over the Hindus as defeated and subordinated communities. With time these narratives of religious supremacy were reinterpreted through Arabic, Persian, and Urdu under colonial effect, and Pakistani orientalist touched the biased historiography, to reinforce a discourse of religious legitimacy tied to conquest of Sindh. This article contends that this legacy continues to shape patterns of religious extremism in contemporary Sindh, where minority communities particularly Hindus and Christians face forced conversions, blasphemy allegations, and systematic discrimination. This study highlights how the manipulation of history enables the perpetuation of religious intolerance, by combining that historiographical analysis combined with contemporary case studies. It concludes that critical re-examination of early Islamic historiography is essential to dismantle ideological justifications for extremism and to foster inclusive narratives that protect minority rights in Pakistan. Keywords: Raja Dahir, Chach Nama, Religious Extremism, Forced Conversions, Blasphemy Laws
Leadership and Its Prominent Characteristics: An Analytical Study in the Light of Surah Yusuf
Leadership plays a vital role in shaping societies, guiding communities, and navigating through times of crisis. Effective leadership is not only about authority but about character, vision, and the ability to inspire and manage change. This research explores the concept of leadership personality and its prominent characterstics of leaders through the lens of the Qur’anic narrative of Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him) as described in Surah Yusuf. The study aims to highlight the essential qualities of a successful and effective leader based on the divine guidance provided in the Qur’an. Through qualitative analysis, the paper identifies key leadership qualities such as moral integrity, patience, wisdom, emotional intelligence, strategic planning, forgiveness, and administrative competence — all exemplified by Prophet Yusuf in various phases of his life, from hardship to authority. As the life of Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him) offers forever and long lasting guidance for achieving success through integrity, patience, and strategic thinking. His journey teaches that true leadership stems from faith, resilience, and service to others. In today’s complex world, his example provides a powerful model for ethical and visionary leadership.
Rescue Stories in Sufis’ Devotion: Shifting Human-Animal Boundaries in Pakistan (1947-2015)
Rescue of humans from dangerous animals and vice versa has been a yardstick of devotion to Sufis, in the history of Pakistan. This study deals with stories that substantiate suchlike yardstick of devotion. Therefore, this article investigates how, celebrated through hagiographical literature, the devotion of Sufis historically revolves around their control and power over animals in rescue and repression stories. This article also demonstrates how dominance over animals kept on benefiting not only to humans from animals but also to animals from animals. Then, it also concerns with the display of unusual behavioral performance of animals that portrays the power of Sufis as intact. This research paper tackles the question how boundaries were remained shifting between humans and animals in the hagiographical depiction of rescue and repression stories? Keywords: Animals, Sufis, Rescue, Repression, Devotion, Boundaries
An analytical study of the legal status and scope of intelligence in times of peace
This comprehensive research paper examines the Islamic legal perspective on intelligence activities during peacetime, analyzing their permissibility, limitations, and ethical boundaries within the framework of Shariah. The study delves into primary Islamic sources - the Quran, Sunnah, and classical juristic opinions - to establish a robust foundation for understanding the role of intelligence in an Islamic state. The research begins by defining intelligence (Istikhbarat) linguistically and terminologically, then proceeds to analyze Quranic verses and Prophetic traditions that directly or indirectly address information gathering, espionage, and state security. Key evidence includes the Quranic verse on preparation against enemies (8:60) and the prohibition of spying (49:12), along with relevant Hadiths concerning war strategies and verification of information. The paper extensively discusses the application of Islamic legal maxims such as "Necessities permit prohibitions" and "Preventing harm takes precedence over acquiring benefits" in the context of modern intelligence operations. It differentiates between permissible intelligence activities against external threats and prohibited surveillance of Muslim citizens without legitimate cause. Notably, the study establishes specific Shariah parameters for intelligence operations, including: the requirement of legitimate state authorization, exclusion of private civilian affairs, necessity of credible information verification, and adherence to ethical standards even when dealing with enemies. The research concludes that while intelligence activities are fundamentally permissible and necessary for state security in Islam, they remain subject to strict Shariah regulations that prioritize justice, privacy rights, and ethical conduct. The paper provides contemporary applications of these principles to modern intelligence methodologies, offering guidance for Muslim-majority states in establishing Shariah-compliant intelligence frameworks. Keywords: Islamic Intelligence, Istikhbarat, Shariah Compliance, Peacetime Security, Islamic Jurisprudence, State Security, Ethical Espionage, Muslim Governance.
Healing the Soul, Connecting the Social: Spirit-Based Practices in Modern Religious Life
This study explores the goals and methods of healing practices and therapeutic encounters guided by a Sufi Saint and their influence on visitors at Dua House. The research includes perspectives from both the spiritual guide and the seekers, offering a broader view. While previous studies have focused on medical and psychological aspects, this study emphasizes the social and spiritual factors affecting healing experiences. Using constructivist grounded theory, 13 semi-structured interviews were purposively sampled and analyzed. The analysis generated categories offering theoretical insights into the healing process. Results indicate that the pursuit of spiritual healing can stem from both challenging life circumstances and an innate desire for a divine connection. Spiritual practices aim to purify the human soul. Through continuous remembrance of Allah, the aura of spiritual places and the teachings of Sufi Saints are believed to have a profound transformative effect. These practices promote moral correction, strengthen faith, and foster social inclusion, as well as psychological and physical well-being. The study emphasizes the importance of a spiritual guide and proposes key criteria for identifying an authentic Sufi Saint. Overall, the findings demonstrate the positive impact of spiritual healing on individuals and highlight its broader sociological significance, offering new insights into the sociology of religion. Keywords: Spiritual Healing, Divine Intervention, Sufi Saint, Therapeutic Encounters, Sociology of Religion, Grounded Theory. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17259354
Causes and Effects of Drug Abuse in District Karak, and Their Solutions in the Light of Islamic Teachings
Drug abuse is a destructive social evil that devastates individuals, weakens families, and erodes the fabric of society. In Pakistan, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and its districts, the spread of drugs has become a serious moral and social issue. District Karak, known for its strong tribal values and traditional social structure, has also been affected. Here, many young people and individuals from different walks of life have fallen into addiction, leading to physical, mental, and spiritual harm. Several factors contribute to the spread of drug use, including economic hardship, unemployment, ignorance, negative environmental influences, peer pressure, weak enforcement by government institutions, and lack of proper social supervision. These factors not only destroy an individual’s personality but also damage family life and push society toward moral decline. Islamic teachings strictly forbid all forms of intoxicants, describing them as the "mother of all evils." The Holy Quran and Hadith emphasize their prohibition. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) declared addiction to be contrary to both faith and reason and instructed Muslims to completely avoid it. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt Islamic principles to eliminate drug abuse, take firm action at the government level, raise public awareness, and strengthen family and social monitoring to protect society from this scourge. This research highlights the causes and effects of drug abuse in District Karak and suggests effective solutions based on Islamic teachings. By implementing these measures, society can be safeguarded from the devastating impact of this menace. Key Words: Causes , Effects , Spread of Drugs , District Karak ,Islamic Teachings.
An analytical study of the Shariah rulings and contemporary issues regarding online marriage in the light of Hanafi jurisprudence
This study examines the Shariah decision and more current questions that pertain to online marriage in the context of Hanafi jurisprudence. The era of fast technological development has impacted all spheres of human life, and made an imprint on social and legal relations. Marriage online as a digital development of traditional contracts has become an important matter which needs to be studied by scholars. The paper identifies these requirements of Nikah in Hanafi fiqh- Ijab (offer), Qubul (acceptance), Witnesses, consent of the guardian (wali) and mahr (dower), and examines whether they are possible via online sites. Although Hanafi jurisprudence allows marriage based on writing or agency or indirect communication, modern problems including verification of identity, fraud, witness validity, and registration are distinctive. The methodology of the research is tahlili (analytical), taqwimi (evaluative) and taqabili (comparative). Primary sources (al-Hidayah, Bada’i al-Sana, Radd al-Muhtar) and modern academic views and case studies of the law have been used. Other Sunni schools of law (Shafi, Maliki, and Hanbali) and modern fatwas of South Asia and the Arab world are also incorporated. Results reveal that in line with Hanafi jurisdiction, online marriage is a valid marriage as long as the required conditions of Nikah are met under the law and religion. Nevertheless, caution has to be observed to avoid fraud, misrepresentation and transgressing on Shariah limits. The analysis has found that online marriage is not a proper alternative to the traditional Nikah ceremonies, but it may be adopted as a valid option when it comes to the necessity, e.g., in case of pandemics, long-distance relationships, or legal limitations. The study also advises effective legal principles, verified online platforms and standard procedures to achieve transparency, protect rights and harmonize the principles of Shariah with modern requirements. Keywords: Online Nikah, Hanafi Jurisprudence, Shariah Rulings, Islamic Family Law, Contemporary Fiqh Issues.
Alien Eyes on Human Faith: A Critical Reading of Rajkumar Hirani’s PK
PK by Rajkumar Hirani (2014) is not a simple Bollywood movie, it is a profound social satire, in which the author uses the alien stranger archetype to demonstrate the hypocrisy and absurdity of human life. In the character of PK who is played by Aamir Khan, the movie discloses the unstable pillars of trust, identity and cultural practice in the contemporary Indian society. This abstract brings PK to the level of being more than a visitor to this earth, he is more a mirror of contradictions of what human beings preach and what they actually project. Making himself innocent, honest and naive, PK disturbs what the society usually regards as the unquestionable truth, particularly the truth about the faith, social conventions, and inter human relationships. The significance of the outsider perspective in the film is that it has made the use of estrangement as a narrative element. The misconception of PK regarding the language, dress, rites, and gods emphasizes the extent to which the human culture is artificial instead of natural. The practices that have been naturalized over centuries are broken down by his constant questioning, which may seem childish. Through this, the character of PK makes the audience question the difference in the ideals and the twisted institutionalization of spirituality.Through the depiction of the alien as the most humane character in the film, the movie dismantles strict dichotomies, including self and other, believer and non-believer, and human and alien. This paper suggests that PK is a cultural critic whose naivety is his subversive weapon of choice. Although people in the movie are caught in the web of exploitation, manipulation, and blindness, the outsider position of PK provides him with the clear mind to reveal the absurdities without biases. His constant question, which is the wrong number, turns out to be a metaphor of miscommunication between humans and divine, as well as between people themselves. Moreover, being an alien makes him a complexity to the traditional identity politics: he is everywhere and nowhere at the same time, which enables him to point out the absurdity of the strict social terms and the universal necessity to lend a shoulder to lean on. Through the examination of PK as an outsider who redefines the definition of being human, this paper illustrates how the movie employs satire and humor to question some of the social practices entrenched in people. It places PK into a greater context of outsider characters in literature and movies who serve a truth-telling purpose precisely due to the fact that they do not follow the norms of the societies they are witnessing. In the end, the character of PK turns out to be the means of revealing the fact that the contradictions that humans are afraid to address is the most evident when we view them through the lens of the other. By so doing, not only does the film entertain, but it as well forces viewers to reflect on whether their lives are based on moral and cultural grounds. Keywords: Alien Eyes, Human Faith, Rajkumar Hirani’s PK, Truth-Telling, Cultural Grounds. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17259306