Media Representations of Refugees: The Interplay of Social Solidarity and the Politics of Othering

Abstract

Media representations play a central role in shaping how societies understand refugees, influencing public emotions, political debates, and policy directions. In global contexts, the media draw upon two contrasting narratives: one emphasizing social solidarity and shared humanity, and the other reinforcing the politics of othering by framing refugees as culturally distinct, economically burdensome, or security threats. These dual portrayals have powerful effects on both public perception and the lived experiences of displaced communities. Despite Pakistan’s long-standing role as a host country for Afghan refugees, limited research examines how refugees themselves interpret these representations and how such portrayals influence governmental approaches to refugee policy. This qualitative study was conducted in Balochistan, where Afghan refugees have resided for over four decades. In-depth interviews were conducted with twelve Afghan refugee community elders who have directly observed shifting media narratives over time. Thematic analysis revealed five interrelated themes: fluctuating portrayals of solidarity, the intensification of othering during political tension, the entrenchment of stereotypes, the emotional and identity impacts of media discourse, and the use of media narratives as policy justification by government officials. Findings highlight that media portrayals significantly influence not only public attitudes but also the daily sense of belonging and dignity experienced by refugees. Negative representations contribute to fear, exclusion, and uncertainty, whereas moments of solidarity provide temporary relief but rarely translate into long-term acceptance. The study calls for ethical journalism, balanced reporting, and inclusive policymaking to counter narratives of othering and strengthen social cohesion.

Keywords: Media Representations, Refugees, Social Solidarity, Politics of Othering