Foundational Principles and Defining Characteristics of Citizenship in Islamic Law: An Analytical Study within the Framework of Islamic Teachings

Abstract

This article explains the concepts of Islamic citizenship and modern citizenship. In the Islamic system, citizenship is primarily based on faith and loyalty to the state. It divides citizens into two groups: Muslims and non-Muslims (Dhimmis). Muslims are responsible for managing and defending the state, while non-Muslim citizens are guaranteed full protection for their religion, culture, life, and property. In contrast, modern citizenship is based on territory and the constitution, treating all individuals as equal regardless of their background. Despite these differences, both systems share common core goals, such as upholding justice, respecting human dignity, and ensuring social welfare. The article highlights the Charter of Madinah as a foundational historical model. Through this document, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) united Muslims and other tribes into a "political nation," establishing clear rights and duties for non-Muslims as protected citizens. Finally, the golden Islamic principle that "there is no compulsion in religion" ensures that non-Muslims have the freedom to practice their own faith and follow their own personal laws.

Keywords: Islamic Citizenship, Modern Citizenship, Charter of Madinah (Misaq al-Madinah), rights of Minorities, Social Justice and Equality