The Role of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Addressing Youth and Women's Unemployment in Balochistan

Abstract

Balochistan continues to experience one of the highest rates of youth and women's unemployment in Pakistan, despite its vast natural resources and strategic economic potential. Limited industrialization, inadequate access to quality education, gender disparities, and a mismatch between labour market demands and existing skills have constrained employment opportunities, particularly for young people and women in both rural and urban areas. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has emerged as a critical policy instrument for developing a skilled workforce, promoting entrepreneurship, and enhancing socio-economic inclusion. This study examines the role of TVET in addressing youth and women's unemployment in Balochistan by evaluating its effectiveness, accessibility, and alignment with labour market needs. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study combines quantitative surveys of TVET graduates with qualitative interviews involving trainees, instructors, employers, policymakers, and representatives of vocational training institutions across selected districts of Balochistan. The research explores the factors influencing enrolment, skill acquisition, employment outcomes, entrepreneurial intentions, and barriers to workforce participation, with particular attention to gender-based challenges and regional disparities. The findings are expected to demonstrate that while TVET significantly enhances employability, technical competencies, and self-employment opportunities, its overall impact is constrained by outdated curricula, inadequate infrastructure, limited industry–institution collaboration, insufficient career guidance, and socio-cultural barriers affecting women's participation. The study further argues that strengthening industry partnerships, modernizing training programs, integrating digital and entrepreneurial skills, and adopting gender-responsive and market-oriented TVET policies can substantially improve employment outcomes and contribute to inclusive economic development in Balochistan. The research provides evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, educational institutions, and development organizations seeking to build a more responsive and equitable technical education system that supports sustainable livelihoods, poverty reduction, and long-term socio-economic development in the province.

Keywords: Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET); Youth Unemployment; Women's Employment; Skills Development; Balochistan